【linux】安装mysql

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本文介绍如何在Linux环境下安装MySQL数据库，包括安装前的准备、安装过程及配置步骤，并提供了不同内存大小对应的my.cnf配置文件选择建议。

将mysql安装文件（下载地址：http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql-4.0.html）

MySQL-client-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386.rpm

MySQL-server-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386.rpm

perl-DBI-1.53-2.fc7.i386.rpm

ftp上传到安装目录。用数据库用户登录系统，进行mysql的安装。

以下需要root权限：

查询是否安装过mysql：

[root@宁波测试机 ~]$ rpm -qa|grep mysql

如果已经安装，需要卸载：

rpm -e MySQL-client-community MySQL-server-community

以下需要数据库用户权限：

[dbuser@宁波测试机 ~]$ rpm -ivh MySQL-server-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386.rpm

如果出现如下信息：
error: Failed dependencies:
perl(DBI) is needed by MySQL-server-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386

则需要执行：

[dbuser@宁波测试机 ~]$ rpm -ivh perl-DBI-1.53-2.fc7.i386.rpm
error: can't create transaction lock on /var/lib/rpm/__db.000
说明权限不够，需要su到root用户，执行：

[root@宁波测试机 db]# rpm -ivh   perl-DBI-1.53-2.fc7.i386.rpm
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:perl-DBI               ########################################### [100%]

执行安装：

[root@宁波测试机 db]# rpm -ivh MySQL-server-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:MySQL-server-community ########################################### [100%]
PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER !
To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:
/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password'
/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h 宁波测试机 password 'new-password'
See the manual for more instructions.

Please report any problems with the /usr/bin/mysqlbug script!

The latest information about MySQL is available on the web at
http://www.mysql.com
Support MySQL by buying support/licenses at http://shop.mysql.com
Starting MySQL[确定]

[root@宁波测试机 db]# rpm -ivh MySQL-client-community-5.0.37-0.rhel3.i386.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:MySQL-client-community ########################################### [100%]

安装完后，需要对mysql进行配置：

见“mysql问题总结”中的my.cnf配置

注：my.cnf文件的获取：

如果你的内存≤64M，则复制/usr/share/mysql/my-small.cnf为/etc/my.cnf
# This is for a system with little memory (<= 64M) where MySQL is only used
# from time to time and it's important that the mysqld daemon
# doesn't use much resources.

如果内存是128M，则复制/usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf为/etc/my.cnf
# This is for a system with little memory (32M - 64M) where MySQL plays
# an important part, or systems up to 128M where MySQL is used together with
# other programs (such as a web server)

如果内存是512M，则复制/usr/share/mysql/my-large.cnf为/etc/my.cnf
# This is for a large system with memory = 512M where the system runs mainly
# MySQL.

如果内存是1-2G，则复制/usr/share/mysql/my-huge.cnf为/etc/my.cnf
# This is for a large system with memory of 1G-2G where the system runs mainly
# MySQL.

如果内存是4G，则复制/usr/share/mysql/my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf为/etc/my.cnf
# This is a MySQL example config file for systems with 4GB of memory
# running mostly MySQL using InnoDB only tables and performing complex
# queries with few connections.

数据库启动命令权限分配

数据库启动命令现在只有root用户可以执行，我们想把权限分配给dbuser用户，给root分权，可以这样做：

更改sudo配置文件/etc/sudoers，增加如下内容：

Cmnd_Alias MYSQL=/etc/init.d/mysql, /usr/bin/mysqld_safe, /usr/bin/mysqladmin

dbuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:MYSQL

之后就可以通过dbuser用户启动、停止mysql，命令如下：

启动：sudo /etc/init.d/mysql start

停止：sudo /etc/init.d/mysql stop

给root用户设置密码

刚安装好的mysql，root用户可以不用密码，直接登陆数据库，需要将root设置密码来降低风险。在mysql命令行输入：

set password for root@localhost =PASSWORD('newPassword');