Read / Write Locks in Java---笔记

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#read #write #lock #java #笔记

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本文深入探讨了读写锁的基本概念及其实现原理，包括非可重入与可重入读写锁的不同应用场景，并通过具体代码示例展示了如何避免死锁。

链接：http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-concurrency/read-write-locks.html

以下对链接中的代码加了一些注释，对canGrantReadAccess函数添加了注释。

java.util.concurrent包中提供了读写锁的实现。使用读写锁，同一时间中多个线程可以同时读同一资源，但是如果一个线程在写资源时，其他读和写线程都不能使用资源。虽说java api已经提供了实现，但是知道如何实现的还是很有用的。

读写锁的非可重入实现

先总结一下读写访问的条件：

读访问：如果没有线程写时，也没有写请求的线程，可以获得读访问

写访问：如果没有线程写和读。

如果读的线程很多时，写的线程可能会因为等待所有读线程而饿死。因此要使用增加请求变量，将读写锁设计成写优先读写锁。

public class ReadWriteLock{

  private int readers       = 0;
  private int writers       = 0;
  private int writeRequests = 0;

  public synchronized void lockRead() throws InterruptedException{
    while(writers > 0 || writeRequests > 0){//有写请求时，后续读者就不在获得锁，已获得锁的读者继续执行，因此实现了写优先的规则
      wait();
    }
    readers++;
  }

  public synchronized void unlockRead(){
    readers--;
    notifyAll();
  }

  public synchronized void lockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeRequests++;

    while(readers > 0 || writers > 0){
      wait();
    }
    writeRequests--;
    writers++;
  }

  public synchronized void unlockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writers--;
    notifyAll();
  }
}

note：注意使用notifyAll而不是notify，参考链接中有详细讲解。

读写锁的可重入实现

上述代码是不可重入的，不可重入的代码很容易造成死锁。比如下面的例子：

线程1得到写访问
线程2请求写访问，由于有了读者，因此被阻塞
线程1重新请求读访问，但是有线程请求写访问，因此被阻塞

这种情况下就产生了死锁。因此实现可重入很必要，下面分别为每一部分实现可重入。

Read Reentrance

如果没有写者和读者，线程可以再次获得读访问，或者它已经获得了读访问。

public class ReadWriteLock{

  private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
      new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();

  private int writers        = 0;
  private int writeRequests  = 0;

  public synchronized void lockRead() throws InterruptedException{
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    while(! canGrantReadAccess(callingThread)){
      wait();                                                                   
    }

    readingThreads.put(callingThread,
       (getAccessCount(callingThread) + 1));
  }


  public synchronized void unlockRead(){
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    int accessCount = getAccessCount(callingThread);
    if(accessCount == 1){ readingThreads.remove(callingThread); }
    else { readingThreads.put(callingThread, (accessCount -1)); }
    notifyAll();
  }


  private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
    if(writers > 0)            return false;
    if(isReader(callingThread) return true;//当无写者使用资源，且当前线程为已获得访问权限的线程，则能够再次访问。
    if(writeRequests > 0)      return false;
    return true;//无写者占用，该线程之前也未获得访问权限，也没有写者请求访问。
  }

  private int getReadAccessCount(Thread callingThread){
    Integer accessCount = readingThreads.get(callingThread);
    if(accessCount == null) return 0;
    return accessCount.intValue();
  }

  private boolean isReader(Thread callingThread){
    return readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
  }

}

Write Reentrance

写重入被授予仅当线程已经获得了写访问。

public class ReadWriteLock{

    private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
        new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();

    private int writeAccesses    = 0;
    private int writeRequests    = 0;
    private Thread writingThread = null;

  public synchronized void lockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeRequests++;
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    while(! canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
      wait();
    }
    writeRequests--;
    writeAccesses++;
    writingThread = callingThread;
  }

  public synchronized void unlockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeAccesses--;
    if(writeAccesses == 0){
      writingThread = null;
    }
    notifyAll();
  }

  private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
    if(hasReaders())             return false;
    if(writingThread == null)    return true;//没有读者访问，也没有写者访问
    if(!isWriter(callingThread)) return false;
    return true;//没有读者访问，但是有写者访问，该线程就是拥有访问权限的写者，返回true
  }

  private boolean hasReaders(){
    return readingThreads.size() > 0;
  }

  private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
    return writingThread == callingThread;
  }
}

Read to Write Reentrance

获得读访问的线程也可以获得写访问，仅当该线程是唯一的读线程。

public class ReadWriteLock{

    private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
        new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();

    private int writeAccesses    = 0;
    private int writeRequests    = 0;
    private Thread writingThread = null;

  public synchronized void lockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeRequests++;
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    while(! canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
      wait();
    }
    writeRequests--;
    writeAccesses++;
    writingThread = callingThread;
  }

  public synchronized void unlockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeAccesses--;
    if(writeAccesses == 0){
      writingThread = null;
    }
    notifyAll();
  }

  private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
    if(isOnlyReader(callingThread))    return true;//当仅有一个读者线程，且为该线程
    if(hasReaders())                   return false;
    if(writingThread == null)          return true;//当没有读者和写者线程
    if(!isWriter(callingThread))       return false;
    return true;//当为获得当前写权限的写者线程
  }

  private boolean hasReaders(){
    return readingThreads.size() > 0;
  }

  private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
    return writingThread == callingThread;
  }

  private boolean isOnlyReader(Thread thread){
     return readingThreads.size() == 1 &&readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
  }
  
}

Write to Read Reentrance

一个获得了写访问的线程总是可以获得读访问的。

public class ReadWriteLock{
    ...
    private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
      if(isWriter(callingThread)) return true;//如果该线程是拥有写访问锁的线程，可以获得读锁
      if(writingThread != null)   return false;
      if(isReader(callingThread)  return true;
      if(writeRequests > 0)       return false;
      return true;
    }
    
    ...

}

Fully Reentrant ReadWriteLock

这是完整的程序。

public class ReadWriteLock{

  private Map<Thread, Integer> readingThreads =
       new HashMap<Thread, Integer>();

   private int writeAccesses    = 0;
   private int writeRequests    = 0;
   private Thread writingThread = null;


  public synchronized void lockRead() throws InterruptedException{
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    while(! canGrantReadAccess(callingThread)){
      wait();
    }

    readingThreads.put(callingThread,
     (getReadAccessCount(callingThread) + 1));
  }

  private boolean canGrantReadAccess(Thread callingThread){
    if( isWriter(callingThread) ) return true;
    if( hasWriter()             ) return false;
    if( isReader(callingThread) ) return true;
    if( hasWriteRequests()      ) return false;
    return true;
  }


  public synchronized void unlockRead(){
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    if(!isReader(callingThread)){
      throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("Calling Thread does not" +
        " hold a read lock on this ReadWriteLock");
    }
    int accessCount = getReadAccessCount(callingThread);
    if(accessCount == 1){ readingThreads.remove(callingThread); }
    else { readingThreads.put(callingThread, (accessCount -1)); }
    notifyAll();
  }

  public synchronized void lockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    writeRequests++;
    Thread callingThread = Thread.currentThread();
    while(! canGrantWriteAccess(callingThread)){
      wait();
    }
    writeRequests--;
    writeAccesses++;
    writingThread = callingThread;
  }

  public synchronized void unlockWrite() throws InterruptedException{
    if(!isWriter(Thread.currentThread()){
      throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("Calling Thread does not" +
        " hold the write lock on this ReadWriteLock");
    }
    writeAccesses--;
    if(writeAccesses == 0){
      writingThread = null;
    }
    notifyAll();
  }

  private boolean canGrantWriteAccess(Thread callingThread){
    if(isOnlyReader(callingThread))    return true;
    if(hasReaders())                   return false;
    if(writingThread == null)          return true;
    if(!isWriter(callingThread))       return false;
    return true;
  }


  private int getReadAccessCount(Thread callingThread){
    Integer accessCount = readingThreads.get(callingThread);
    if(accessCount == null) return 0;
    return accessCount.intValue();
  }


  private boolean hasReaders(){
    return readingThreads.size() > 0;
  }

  private boolean isReader(Thread callingThread){
    return readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
  }

  private boolean isOnlyReader(Thread callingThread){
    return readingThreads.size() == 1 &&
           readingThreads.get(callingThread) != null;
  }

  private boolean hasWriter(){
    return writingThread != null;
  }

  private boolean isWriter(Thread callingThread){
    return writingThread == callingThread;
  }

  private boolean hasWriteRequests(){
      return this.writeRequests > 0;
  }

}