linux 一行命令安装python3.7 & python3.8 & python3.9 & python3.10

最近一般都是这样在ubuntu上安装Python3.9的(安装耗时约0.5h)

git clone https://github.com/waketzheng/carstino.git
cd carstino
python -V || apt install python-is-python3
python upgrade_py.sh 3.9   # 不指定版本则默认安装python3.11
# python3.12可以这么安装： python upgrade_py.py 3.12
# python3.8可以这么安装： python upgrade_py.sh 3.8

注：Mac系统的话，直接brew install python@3.12就行 

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最近（2019-03-28）在ubuntu18上是这样安装python3.6的，效果很不错，参考的是这个：install-python-3-6-ubuntu-linuxmint

sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev libffi-dev
cd /usr/src
sudo wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz
sudo tar xzf Python-3.6.8.tgz
cd Python-3.6.8
sudo ./configure --enable-optimizations
sudo make altinstall
python3.6 -V
pip3.6 -V

wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.0/Python-3.8.0b2.tar.xz
tar xvf Python-3.8.0b2.tar.xz
cd Python-3.8.0b2
sudo ./configure --enable-optimizations
sudo make altinstall
python3.8 -V

2019-07-11 succeed to install python3.8beta in ArchLinux.

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>>> 装完python后pip install有点慢？看看这个：pipenv换源、pipenv换阿里源、pip换源、pip换豆瓣源

如果安装python过程中报这个错误：

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_ctypes'

可通过安装libffi(-dev[el])

Issue 31652: make install fails: no module _ctypes - Python tracker

来解决（安装完重新运行sudo make altinstall），Ubuntu用这个命令：

sudo apt install libffi-dev

centos是这个：

sudo yum install libffi-devel

更周全的方法是不单安装libffi(-dev[el])

还安装其他python开发所需的包（Ubuntu）：

sudo apt update -y
sudo apt install -y build-essential libncursesw5-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev zlib1g zlib1g-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libssl-dev openssl libffi-dev python3-dev python3-smbus

centos：

sudo yum update -y
sudo yum groupinstall -y "development tools"
sudo yum install zlib zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl openssl-devel libffi-devel ncurses-devel xz-devel  python3-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel expat-devel

方法二：从国内的网站下载安装包，适合访问python官网比较慢或访问不到的情况：

wget那一步后面的URL地址改成HW镜像源上对应的地址即可 Index of python-local

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安装过程如果遇到这个错误：

zipimport.ZipImportError: can't decompress data; zlib not available

编辑文件 Python-3.7.2/Modules/Setup

查找zlib，去掉第338行zlib zlibmodule.c -I$(prefix)/include -L$(exec_prefix)/lib -lz前面的#，保存

然后重新运行：

cd Python-3.7.2 && make && sudo make altinstall

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如果遇到了./Modules/zlibmodule.c:10:10: fatal error: zlib.h: No such file or directory

ubuntu中通过安装这个解决了（安装后需要重新make和make altinstall）：

sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev

如果是报sqlite3导入失败，参考这个 ​​​​​​新安装的Python报错 No module named ‘_sqlite3‘_jaket5219999的博客-优快云博客

报ssl错误，参考这个：2021-10-16 Python SSL module is not available_jaket5219999的博客-优快云博客