1.为什么要使用memcache
由于网站的高并发读写需求,传统的关系型数据库开始出现瓶颈,例如:
1)对数据库的高并发读写:
关系型数据库本身就是个庞然大物,处理过程非常耗时(如解析SQL语句,事务处理等)。如果对关系型数据库进行高并发读写(每秒上万次的访问),那么它是无法承受的。
2)对海量数据的处理:
对于大型的SNS网站,每天有上千万次的数据产生(如twitter, 新浪微博)。对于关系型数据库,如果在一个有上亿条数据的数据表种查找某条记录,效率将非常低。
使用memcache能很好的解决以上问题。
在实际使用中,通常把数据库查询的结果保存到Memcache中,下次访问时直接从memcache中读取,而不再进行数据库查询操作,这样就在很大程度上减少了数据库的负担。
保存在memcache中的对象实际放置在内存中,这也是memcache如此高效的原因。
2.memcache的安装和使用
这个网上有太多教程了,不做赘言。
3.基于libevent的事件处理
libevent是个程序库,它将Linux的 epoll、BSD类操作系统的kqueue等事件处理功能 封装成统一的接口。即使对服务器的连接数增加,也能发挥O(1)的性能。
memcached使用这个libevent库,因此能在Linux、BSD、Solaris等操作系统上发挥其高性能。
参考:
- libevent:http://www.monkey.org/~provos/libevent/
- The C10K Problem:http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html
4.memcache使用实例:
- <?php
- $mc=newMemcache();
- $mc->connect('127.0.0.1',11211);
- $uid=(int)$_GET['uid'];
- $sql="select*fromuserswhereuid='uid'";
- $key=md5($sql);
- if(!($data=$mc->get($key))){
- $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','test','test');
- mysql_select_db('test');
- $result=mysql_fetch_object($result);
- while($row=mysql_fetch_object($result)){
- $data[]=$row;
- }
- $mc->add($key,$datas);
- }
- var_dump($datas);
- ?>
<?php
$mc = new Memcache();
$mc->connect('127.0.0.1', 11211);
$uid = (int)$_GET['uid'];
$sql = "select * from users where uid='uid' ";
$key = md5($sql);
if(!($data = $mc->get($key))) {
$conn = mysql_connect('localhost', 'test', 'test');
mysql_select_db('test');
$result = mysql_fetch_object($result);
while($row = mysql_fetch_object($result)) {
$data[] = $row;
}
$mc->add($key, $datas);
}
var_dump($datas);
?>
5.memcache如何支持高并发(此处还需深入研究)
memcache使用多路复用I/O模型,如(epoll, select等),传统I/O中,系统可能会因为某个用户连接还没做好I/O准备而一直等待,知道这个连接做好I/O准备。这时如果有其他用户连接到服务器,很可能会因为系统阻塞而得不到响应。
而多路复用I/O是一种消息通知模式,用户连接做好I/O准备后,系统会通知我们这个连接可以进行I/O操作,这样就不会阻塞在某个用户连接。因此,memcache才能支持高并发。
此外,memcache使用了多线程机制。可以同时处理多个请求。线程数一般设置为CPU核数,这研报告效率最高。
6.使用Slab分配算法保存数据
slab分配算法的原理是:把固定大小(1MB)的内存分为n小块,如下图所示:
slab分配算法把每1MB大小的内存称为一个slab页,每次向系统申请一个slab页,然后再通过分隔算法把这个slab页分割成若干个小块的chunk(如上图所示),然后把这些chunk分配给用户使用,分割算法如下(在slabs.c文件中):
(注:memcache的github项目地址:https://github.com/wusuopubupt/memcached)
- /**
- *Determinesthechunksizesandinitializestheslabclassdescriptors
- *accordingly.
- */
- voidslabs_init(constsize_tlimit,constdoublefactor,constboolprealloc){
- inti=POWER_SMALLEST-1;
- unsignedintsize=sizeof(item)+settings.chunk_size;
- mem_limit=limit;
- if(prealloc){
- /*Allocateeverythinginabigchunkwithmalloc通过malloc的方式申请内存*/
- mem_base=malloc(mem_limit);
- if(mem_base!=NULL){
- mem_current=mem_base;
- mem_avail=mem_limit;
- }else{
- fprintf(stderr,"Warning:Failedtoallocaterequestedmemoryin"
- "onelargechunk.\nWillallocateinsmallerchunks\n");
- }
- }
- memset(slabclass,0,sizeof(slabclass));
- while(++i<POWER_LARGEST&&size<=settings.item_size_max/factor){
- /*Makesureitemsarealwaysn-bytealigned注意这里的字节对齐*/
- if(size%CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES)
- size+=CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES-(size%CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES);
- slabclass[i].size=size;
- slabclass[i].perslab=settings.item_size_max/slabclass[i].size;
- size*=factor;//以1.25为倍数增大chunk
- if(settings.verbose>1){
- fprintf(stderr,"slabclass%3d:chunksize%9uperslab%7u\n",
- i,slabclass[i].size,slabclass[i].perslab);
- }
- }
- power_largest=i;
- slabclass[power_largest].size=settings.item_size_max;
- slabclass[power_largest].perslab=1;
- if(settings.verbose>1){
- fprintf(stderr,"slabclass%3d:chunksize%9uperslab%7u\n",
- i,slabclass[i].size,slabclass[i].perslab);
- }
- /*forthetestsuite:fakingofhowmuchwe'vealreadymalloc'd*/
- {
- char*t_initial_malloc=getenv("T_MEMD_INITIAL_MALLOC");
- if(t_initial_malloc){
- mem_malloced=(size_t)atol(t_initial_malloc);
- }
- }
- if(prealloc){
- slabs_preallocate(power_largest);
- }
- }
/**
* Determines the chunk sizes and initializes the slab class descriptors
* accordingly.
*/
void slabs_init(const size_t limit, const double factor, const bool prealloc) {
int i = POWER_SMALLEST - 1;
unsigned int size = sizeof(item) + settings.chunk_size;
mem_limit = limit;
if (prealloc) {
/* Allocate everything in a big chunk with malloc 通过malloc的方式申请内存*/
mem_base = malloc(mem_limit);
if (mem_base != NULL) {
mem_current = mem_base;
mem_avail = mem_limit;
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Failed to allocate requested memory in"
" one large chunk.\nWill allocate in smaller chunks\n");
}
}
memset(slabclass, 0, sizeof(slabclass));
while (++i < POWER_LARGEST && size <= settings.item_size_max / factor) {
/* Make sure items are always n-byte aligned 注意这里的字节对齐*/
if (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES)
size += CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES - (size % CHUNK_ALIGN_BYTES);
slabclass[i].size = size;
slabclass[i].perslab = settings.item_size_max / slabclass[i].size;
size *= factor;//以1.25为倍数增大chunk
if (settings.verbose > 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "slab class %3d: chunk size %9u perslab %7u\n",
i, slabclass[i].size, slabclass[i].perslab);
}
}
power_largest = i;
slabclass[power_largest].size = settings.item_size_max;
slabclass[power_largest].perslab = 1;
if (settings.verbose > 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "slab class %3d: chunk size %9u perslab %7u\n",
i, slabclass[i].size, slabclass[i].perslab);
}
/* for the test suite: faking of how much we've already malloc'd */
{
char *t_initial_malloc = getenv("T_MEMD_INITIAL_MALLOC");
if (t_initial_malloc) {
mem_malloced = (size_t)atol(t_initial_malloc);
}
}
if (prealloc) {
slabs_preallocate(power_largest);
}
}
上面代码中的slabclass是一个类型为slabclass_t结构的数组,其定义如下:
- typedefstruct{
- unsignedintsize;/*sizesofitems*/
- unsignedintperslab;/*howmanyitemsperslab*/
- void**slots;/*listofitemptrs*/
- unsignedintsl_total;/*sizeofpreviousarray*/
- unsignedintsl_curr;/*firstfreeslot*/
- void*end_page_ptr;/*pointertonextfreeitematendofpage,or0*/
- unsignedintend_page_free;/*numberofitemsremainingatendoflastallocedpage*/
- unsignedintslabs;/*howmanyslabswereallocatedforthisclass*/
- void**slab_list;/*arrayofslabpointers*/
- unsignedintlist_size;/*sizeofprevarray*/
- unsignedintkilling;/*index+1ofdyingslab,orzeroifnone*/
- size_trequested;/*Thenumberofrequestedbytes*/
- }slabclass_t;
typedef struct {
unsigned int size; /* sizes of items */
unsigned int perslab; /* how many items per slab */
void **slots; /* list of item ptrs */
unsigned int sl_total; /* size of previous array */
unsigned int sl_curr; /* first free slot */
void *end_page_ptr; /* pointer to next free item at end of page, or 0 */
unsigned int end_page_free; /* number of items remaining at end of last alloced page */
unsigned int slabs; /* how many slabs were allocated for this class */
void **slab_list; /* array of slab pointers */
unsigned int list_size; /* size of prev array */
unsigned int killing; /* index+1 of dying slab, or zero if none */
size_t requested; /* The number of requested bytes */
} slabclass_t;
借用别人的一张图说明slabclass_t结构:
由分割算法的源代码可知,slab算法按照不同大小的chunk分割slab页,而不同大小的chunk以factor(默认是1.25)倍增大。
使用memcache -u root -vv 命令查看内存分配情况(8字节对齐):
找到大小最合适的chunk分配给请求缓存的数据:
- /*
- *Figuresoutwhichslabclass(chunksize)isrequiredtostoreanitemof
- *agivensize.
- *
- *Givenobjectsize,returnidtousewhenallocating/freeingmemoryforobject
- *0meanserror:can'tstoresuchalargeobject
- */
- unsignedintslabs_clsid(constsize_tsize){
- intres=POWER_SMALLEST;//初始化为最小的chunk
- if(size==0)
- return0;
- while(size>slabclass[res].size)//逐渐增大chunksize,直到找到第一个比申请的size大的chunk
- if(res++==power_largest)/*won'tfitinthebiggestslab*/
- return0;
- returnres;
- }
/*
* Figures out which slab class (chunk size) is required to store an item of
* a given size.
*
* Given object size, return id to use when allocating/freeing memory for object
* 0 means error: can't store such a large object
*/
unsigned int slabs_clsid(const size_t size) {
int res = POWER_SMALLEST;// 初始化为最小的chunk
if (size == 0)
return 0;
while (size > slabclass[res].size) //逐渐增大chunk size,直到找到第一个比申请的size大的chunk
if (res++ == power_largest) /* won't fit in the biggest slab */
return 0;
return res;
}
内存分配:
(此处参考:http://slowsnail.com.cn/?p=20)
- staticvoid*do_slabs_alloc(constsize_tsize,unsignedintid){
- slabclass_t*p;
- void*ret=NULL;
- item*it=NULL;
- if(id<POWER_SMALLEST||id>power_largest){//判断id是否会导致slabclass[]数组越界
- MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE_FAILED(size,0);
- returnNULL;
- }
- p=&slabclass[id];//获取slabclass[id]的引用
- assert(p->sl_curr==0||((item*)p->slots)->slabs_clsid==0);//判断slabclass[id]是否有剩余的chunk
- if(!(p->sl_curr!=0||do_slabs_newslab(id)!=0)){//如果slabclass[id]中已经没有空余chunk并且试图向系统申请一个“页”(slab)的chunk失败,则返回NULL
- /*Wedon'thavemorememoryavailable*/
- ret=NULL;
- }elseif(p->sl_curr!=0){//slabclass[id]的空闲链表中还有chunk,则直接将其分配出去
- it=(item*)p->slots;//获取空闲链表的头指针
- p->slots=it->next;//将头结点指向下一个结点(取下头结点)
- if(it->next)it->next->prev=0;//将新头结点的prev指针置空
- p->sl_curr--;//减少slabclass[id]空闲链表中的chunk计数
- ret=(void*)it;//将头结点赋给ret指针
- }
- if(ret){//请求成功
- p->requested+=size;//更新slabclass[id]所分配的内存总数
- MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE(size,id,p->size,ret);
- }else{
- MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE_FAILED(size,id);
- }
- returnret;
- }
static void *do_slabs_alloc(const size_t size, unsigned int id) {
slabclass_t *p;
void *ret = NULL;
item *it = NULL;
if (id < POWER_SMALLEST || id > power_largest) {//判断id是否会导致slabclass[]数组越界
MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE_FAILED(size, 0);
return NULL;
}
p = &slabclass[id];//获取slabclass[id]的引用
assert(p->sl_curr == 0 || ((item *)p->slots)->slabs_clsid == 0);//判断slabclass[id]是否有剩余的chunk
if (! (p->sl_curr != 0 || do_slabs_newslab(id) != 0)) {//如果slabclass[id]中已经没有空余chunk并且试图向系统申请一个“页”(slab)的chunk失败,则返回NULL
/* We don't have more memory available */
ret = NULL;
} else if (p->sl_curr != 0) {//slabclass[id]的空闲链表中还有chunk,则直接将其分配出去
it = (item *)p->slots;//获取空闲链表的头指针
p->slots = it->next;//将头结点指向下一个结点(取下头结点)
if (it->next) it->next->prev = 0;//将新头结点的prev指针置空
p->sl_curr--;//减少slabclass[id]空闲链表中的chunk计数
ret = (void *)it;//将头结点赋给ret指针
}
if (ret) {//请求成功
p->requested += size;//更新slabclass[id]所分配的内存总数
MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE(size, id, p->size, ret);
} else {
MEMCACHED_SLABS_ALLOCATE_FAILED(size, id);
}
return ret;
}
do_slabs_allc()函数首先尝试从slot列表(被回收的chunk)中获取可用的chunk,如果有可用的就返回,否则从空闲的chunk列表中获取可用的chunk并返回。
删除过期item:
延迟删除过期item到查找时进行,可以提高memcache的效率,因为不必每时每刻检查过期item,从而提高CPU工作效率
使用LRU(last recently used)算法淘汰数据:
- /*
- *trytogetoneofftherightLRU
- *don'tnecessariulyunlinkthetailbecauseitmaybelocked:refcount>0
- *searchupfromtailanitemwithrefcount==0andunlinkit;giveupafter50
- *tries
- */
- if(tails[id]==0){
- itemstats[id].outofmemory++;
- returnNULL;
- }
- for(search=tails[id];tries>0&&search!=NULL;tries--,search=search->prev){
- if(search->refcount==0){//refount==0的情况,释放掉
- if(search->exptime==0||search->exptime>current_time){
- itemstats[id].evicted++;
- itemstats[id].evicted_time=current_time-search->time;
- STATS_LOCK();
- stats.evictions++;
- STATS_UNLOCK();
- }
- do_item_unlink(search);
- break;
- }
- }
- it=slabs_alloc(ntotal,id);
- if(it==0){
- itemstats[id].outofmemory++;
- /*Lastditcheffort.Thereisaveryrarebugwhichcauses
- *refcountleaks.We'vefixedmostofthem,butitstillhappens,
- *anditmayhappeninthefuture.
- *Wecanreasonablyassumenoitemcanstaylockedformorethan
- *threehours,soifwefindoneinthetailwhichisthatold,
- *freeitanyway.
- */
- tries=50;
- for(search=tails[id];tries>0&&search!=NULL;tries--,search=search->prev){
- if(search->refcount!=0&&search->time+10800<current_time){//最近3小时没有被访问到的情况,释放掉
- itemstats[id].tailrepairs++;
- search->refcount=0;
- do_item_unlink(search);
- break;
- }
- }
- it=slabs_alloc(ntotal,id);
- if(it==0){
- returnNULL;
- }
- }
/*
* try to get one off the right LRU
* don't necessariuly unlink the tail because it may be locked: refcount>0
* search up from tail an item with refcount==0 and unlink it; give up after 50
* tries
*/
if (tails[id] == 0) {
itemstats[id].outofmemory++;
return NULL;
}
for (search = tails[id]; tries > 0 && search != NULL; tries--, search=search->prev) {
if (search->refcount == 0) { //refount==0的情况,释放掉
if (search->exptime == 0 || search->exptime > current_time) {
itemstats[id].evicted++;
itemstats[id].evicted_time = current_time - search->time;
STATS_LOCK();
stats.evictions++;
STATS_UNLOCK();
}
do_item_unlink(search);
break;
}
}
it = slabs_alloc(ntotal, id);
if (it == 0) {
itemstats[id].outofmemory++;
/* Last ditch effort. There is a very rare bug which causes
* refcount leaks. We've fixed most of them, but it still happens,
* and it may happen in the future.
* We can reasonably assume no item can stay locked for more than
* three hours, so if we find one in the tail which is that old,
* free it anyway.
*/
tries = 50;
for (search = tails[id]; tries > 0 && search != NULL; tries--, search=search->prev) {
if (search->refcount != 0 && search->time + 10800 < current_time) { //最近3小时没有被访问到的情况,释放掉
itemstats[id].tailrepairs++;
search->refcount = 0;
do_item_unlink(search);
break;
}
}
it = slabs_alloc(ntotal, id);
if (it == 0) {
return NULL;
}
}
从item列表的尾部开始遍历,找到refcount==0的chunk,调用do_item_unlink()函数释放掉,另外,search->time+10800<current_time(即最近3小时没有被访问过的item),也释放掉--这就是LRU算法的原理。
附:阿里2014笔试题一道:
- 1调入内存 1
- 5调入内存 1 5
- 1调入内存 5 1(命中 1,更新次序)
- 3调入内存 5 1 3
- 5调入内存 1 3 5 (命中5)
- 2调入内存 1 3 5 2
- 4调入内存(1最久未使用,淘汰1) 3 5 2 4
- 1调入内存(3最久未使用,淘汰3) 5 2 4 1
- 2调入内存 5 4 1 2(命中2)