这段时间看bitwise operator,看到一个题目转过来

本文解析了一道Java笔试题,详细解释了如何通过补码运算得出int类型变量的负数表示及取反操作的结果。
   1. //请教一个笔试题,:  
   2.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
   3.         // TODO Auto-generated method stub  
   4.         int i= 0xFFFFFFFA;  
   5.         int j=~i;  
   6.         System.out.println(i);  
   7.         System.out.println(j);  
   8.     }  
   9. /*结果为什么是: 
  10. -6 
  11. 5 
  12. 为什么*/  

 

Answer:

引用

int i= 0xFFFFFFFA;


最高位F对应的2进制表示为1111,int是带符号的整数,最高位为1表示是个负数,负数在电脑中用补码表示,那就要计算出0xFFFFFFFA的补码。

原码=1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1010
补码=1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101 还要+1就等于
     1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110
第一个1表示负数,后面0110就是6 ,那么结果就是-6

引用

int j=~i;


~ 符号表示取反
i=1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1010 ,取反则为
j=0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0101 就等于5了。

# T573347 「FAOI-R8」Jueves ## 题目背景 ![](bilibili:BV1ox411C77Z) ## 题目描述 小 A 给了你一张 $n$ 个点的无向完全图,每个点有权值,第 $i$ 个点的权值为 $a_i$。连接 $(u,v)$ 的边的权值为 $(a_u\operatorname{xor}a_v)+(a_u\operatorname{or}a_v)+(a_u\operatorname{and}a_v)$,其中 $\operatorname{xor},\operatorname{or},\operatorname{and}$ 分别是二进制下的按位异或、按位或和按位与。 定义一条路径的权值为经过的边的权值和。给出 $s,t$,求出从 $s$ 出发到 $t$ 的路径的最小权值。 ## 输入格式 **本题每测试点内含多组数据。** 第一行一个整数 $T$ 代表数据组数。 **请用 CaT 变量来表示数据组数。** 对于每组测试数据: - 第一行三个正整数 $n,s,t$,表示点数、起点与终点。 - 第二行 $n$ 个整数,第 $i$ 个是 $a_i$,表示第 $i$ 个点的权值。 ## 输出格式 对于每组测试数据,输出一行一个整数表示答案。 ## 输入输出样例 #1 ### 输入 #1 ``` 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 8 1 7 1 4 0 2 5 8 4 6 7 1 1 2 0 0 4 3 1 1 ``` ### 输出 #1 ``` 6 6 10 0 ``` ## 说明/提示 **【样例解释】** 对于第一组数据,唯一的路径是 $1\to 2$,权值为 $(1\operatorname{xor}2)+(1\operatorname{or}2)+(1\operatorname{and}2)=3+3+0=6$。 对于第二组数据,一种最优的路径是 $1\to 3$,权值为 $(1\operatorname{xor}3)+(1\operatorname{or}3)+(1\operatorname{and}3)=2+3+1=6$。 对于第三组数据,一种最优的路径是 $1\to 7$,权值为 $(1\operatorname{xor}4)+(1\operatorname{or}4)+(1\operatorname{and}4)=5+5+0=10$。 **【数据范围】** **本题开启子任务捆绑测试。** - Subtask 1(40 pts):$n\le 10$,$\sum n\le 10^3$。 - Subtask 2(30 pts):$a_i\le 10^3$。 - Subtask 3(30 pts):无特殊限制。 记 $\sum n$ 为单测试点内每组测试数据 $n$ 之和。 对于所有数据,$1\le T\le 10^5$,$1\le n,\sum n\le 5\times 10^5$,$0\le a_i\le 10^{18}$,$1\le s,t\le n$。
10-08
1. List the six main biwise operators in C++ and explain the function of each. 2. Why cannot bitwise operations be applied to variables of floating-point type? 3. Explain the purpose of the << (left shift) and >> (right shift) operators. What is the typical effect on the decimal value of a number when it is shifted left by 1? Shifted right by 1? 4. Describe the process of using a mask to check the value of a specific bit within an
integer. 5. How can you use the bitwise AND operator (&) to check if a number is even or odd?
Explain the logic. 6. What is the difference between the logical AND (&&) and the bitwise AND (&)? Provide an example scenario for each. 7. Explain the purpose of the ~ (bitwise NOT) operator. What is the result of applying it to a mask, and how can this be useful? 1. What is the primary goal of program debugging? What types of errors can it help identify? 2. Describe the difference between Step Over (F10) and Step Into (F11) debugging commands. When would you choose one over the other? 3. What is the purpose of a breakpoint in planned debugging? How do you set and remove a breakpoint in Visual Studio? 4. Explain the utility of the "Watch" window compared to the "Autos" or "Locals" windows during a debugging session. 5. What is the key difference between the Debug and Release configurations when building a project? Why is it necessary to create a Release version after successful debugging? 6. List at least three types of files commonly found in a project's Debug folder and briefly state their purpose (e.g., *.pdb). 7. During debugging, you notice a variable has an incorrect value. How can you change its value during runtime to test a hypothesis without modifying the source code? 8. What command is used to exit the debug mode and stop the current debugging session? 1. What is an array in C++? List its three main characteristics. 2. How are array elements numbered in C++? What is the valid index range for an array declared as int data[25];? 3. Explain the difference between array declaration and initialization. Provide an example of each. 4. What is an initializer list? What happens if the initializer list is shorter than the array size? 5. How can you let the compiler automatically determine the size of an array during initialization? 6. What values do elements of a local array contain if it is declared but not explicitly initialized? How does this differ from a global array? 7. What is an array out-of-bounds error? Why is it dangerous, and what are its potential consequences? 8. How do you calculate the number of elements in an array using the sizeof operator?
Provide the formula. What is a significant limitation of this method? 9. Why is it impossible to copy the contents of one array into another using the assignment
operator (arrayB = arrayA;)? What is the correct way to perform this operation? 10. Why does comparing two arrays using the equality operator (arrayA == arrayB) not check if their elements are equal? How should array comparison be done correctly? 11. What does the name of an array represent in terms of memory? 1. What is a pointer in C++ and what are its two main attributes? 2. Explain the difference between the & and * operators when working with pointers. 3. Why is pointer initialization critical and what dangers do uninitialized pointers pose? 4. What is the fundamental relationship between arrays and pointers in C++? 5. How does pointer arithmetic work and why does ptr + 1 advance by the size of the pointed type rather than 1 byte? 6. What is the difference between an array name and a pointer variable? Why can't you increment an array name? 7. What are the differences between const int*, int* const, and const int* const? 8. How can you safely iterate through an array using pointers, and what are the boundary risks? 9. What is a null pointer and why should you check for nullptr before dereferencing? 10. How do you access array elements using pointer syntax, and how does the compiler translate arr[i] internally? 1. What is a multidimensional array? How is a two-dimensional array structured in memory? 2. Explain the concept of an "array of arrays". How does this relate to the declaration int arr/ROWS//COLS;? 3. The name of a two-dimensional array without indices is a pointer constant. What does this pointer point to? What do the expressions *(A + i) and *(*(A + i) +j) mean for a two-dimensional array A? 4. Describe the different ways to access the element A/1/[2/ of a two-dimensional array
using pointers. 5. What is the rule for omitting the size of dimensions when initializing and when passing a multidimensional array to a function? Why is it allowed to omit only the first dimension? 6. Explain the principle of "row-major order" for storing two-dimensional arrays in memory.
How does this affect element access? 7. Why are nested loops the standard tool for processing multidimensional arrays?
Describe the typical pattern for iterating through a matrix. 1. How is a character string stored in memory in C++? What is the role of the null terminator (10), and why is it critical for C-style strings? 2. Why must the size of a char array declared to hold a string be at least one greater than the number of characters you intend to store? 3. The array name without an index is a pointer constant. What does the name of a char array point to? 4. What are the two main ways to initialize a C-style string? What is a common mistake when using the initializer list method, and what is its consequence? 5. Why is it necessary to add _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS to the preprocessor definitions in Visual Studio when working with many standard C library functions?
What is the alternative approach? 6. What is the key difference between stropy and strncpy? Why might strncpy be considered safer? 7. How does the stremp function determine if one string is "less than" another? Why can't you use the == operator to compare two C-style strings for content equality? 8. Describe the purpose and parameters of the strok function. How do you get all tokens from a string? 9. What do the functions strchr and strrchr do? How do they differ? 10. Explain what the strstr function returns and what it is commonly used for. 11. What is the purpose of the functions in the < cctype> header? Give three examples of such functions and their use. 12. What is the difference between tolower(c) and_tolower(c)? When should you use each? 1. What is a function in C++? Name the three core benefits of using functions in a program. 2. What is the difference between a function declaration (prototype) and a function definition? Provide examples. 3. What is a function signature? Which elements are part of the signature, and which are not? 4. What methods of passing parameters to a function do you know? Explain the difference between pass-by-value, pass-by-pointer, and pass-by-reference. 5. Why can't you pass an array to a function by value? What is the correct way to pass an array to a function? 6. What is variable scope? How is it related to functions? 7. How does a function return a value? What happens if a function with a non-void return type does not return a value on all control paths? 8. Can you use multiple return statements in a single function? Provide an example. 9. What is function overloading? What is it based on? 10. How is interaction between functions organized in a program? Provide an example program with several functions. 11. What are default parameters? How are they specified, and in what cases are they useful? 12. How can you prevent a function from modifying the data passed to it? What modifiers are used for this? 13. What is recursion? Provide an example of a recursive function. 14. What common errors occur when working with functions? How can they be avoided? 15. How do you use pointers to functions? Provide an example of declaring and calling a function through a pointer.用中文解答,每个问题重复一遍题目
最新发布
11-23
<think>好的,我现在需要帮助用户了解Simulink中Bitwise Operator模块的使用方法。首先,我得回想一下自己对Simulink的了解,尤其是Bitwise Operator模块。记得在Logic and Bit Operations库里有很多这样的模块,Bitwise Operator是其中之一,主要处理位运算,比如AND、OR、XOR、NOT等。用户可能需要知道如何配置这个模块,以及具体的应用示例。 接下来,我应该先确定用户的需求。他们可能刚接触Simulink,或者需要快速上手这个模块的使用。所以教程需要步骤清晰,示例明确。根据系统指令,我需要使用中文回答,并且正确应用LaTeX格式,比如行内公式用$...$,独立公式用$$...$$。同时,生成相关问题和引用已有的参考资料。 首先,我应该介绍Bitwise Operator的位置和基本功能。然后,分步骤说明如何添加模块到模型,如何设置参数,比如选择运算符类型,设置输入端口数量和输出数据类型。这部分需要具体,比如提到模块参数对话框中的选项,如AND、OR等。 接下来,示例部分很重要。用户可能需要一个具体的例子来理解模块的应用。比如,使用两个常数输入,进行按位与操作,并显示结果。这时候,我需要描述如何搭建模型,设置模块参数,连接信号线,以及仿真结果。可能还需要提到如何查看结果,比如使用Display模块或者Scope。 然后,高级应用部分可以介绍如何处理多输入的情况,比如多个信号的按位或操作,或者结合其他模块如MATLAB Function模块进行更复杂的操作。这部分可以引用已有的参考资料,比如引用[3]提到的MATLAB function模块的使用,说明如何结合使用。 注意事项部分需要提醒用户关于输入数据类型、运算符选择和仿真步长的设置。比如,输入必须是整数类型,否则会报错;不同的运算符对应不同的操作;以及固定步长求解器的选择。 最后,生成相关问题,帮助用户进一步学习。比如模块支持的运算符、处理不同整数类型的方法、错误排查等。同时,确保引用正确,比如引用[1]提到Logic and Bit Operations库,引用[3]提到MATLAB function模块的例子。 检查是否所有行内数学表达式用了$...$,比如如果有提到二进制数,可能需要写成$1010_2$这样的格式,但在这个问题中可能用不到太多数学公式。确保没有使用任何Markdown格式,段落分隔自然。回答结构清晰,分步骤和示例,符合用户需求。</think>### Simulink中Bitwise Operator模块使用教程 #### 一、模块功能与定位 Bitwise Operator模块属于Simulink的$Logic\ and\ Bit\ Operations$库[^1],支持以下位运算: - AND(按位与) - OR(按位或) - XOR(按位异或) - NOT(按位非) - Shift(位移) #### 二、基础操作步骤 1. **添加模块** - 在库浏览器中找到`Simulink/Logic and Bit Operations/Bitwise Operator` - 拖拽至模型画布 2. **参数设置** - 双击模块打开参数对话框 - `Operator`:选择运算符类型(如AND、OR) - `Number of input ports`:设置输入端口数量(NOT运算只需1个输入) - `Output data type`:指定输出数据类型(通常选`Inherit: Same as input`) 3. **信号连接** - 输入端接整数类型信号(如uint8/int32) - 输出端接显示/处理模块(如Display、Scope) #### 三、操作示例 **场景:实现两个信号的按位与运算** 1. 搭建模型结构: ```text [Constant1] -->|信号1| [Bitwise Operator] --> [Display] [Constant2] -->|信号2| ``` 2. 参数配置: - Constant1值设为$15$(二进制`1111`) - Constant2值设为$6$(二进制`0110`) - Bitwise Operator选`AND`运算符 3. 仿真结果: - 输出值为$6$(二进制`0110`) #### 四、高级应用 1. **多输入处理** - 设置`Number of input ports=3`可实现三路信号的按位或操作 - 示例:三路uint8信号`0011`,`0101`,`1000`进行OR运算得`1111` 2. **复合运算** ```text [输入信号] --> [Bitwise Operator(AND)] --> [MATLAB Function] --> [输出] ``` 结合MATLAB Function模块可进行位运算结果的后处理[^3] #### 五、注意事项 1. 输入信号必须为整数类型(int8/uint16等) 2. NOT运算会反所有位 3. 位移操作需设置`Number of bits`参数 4. 建议使用固定步长求解器 ```matlab % 示例模型创建代码片段 add_block('simulink/Commonly Used Blocks/Constant','model/Constant1'); add_block('simulink/Logic and Bit Operations/Bitwise Operator','model/BitOp'); add_block('simulink/Sinks/Display','model/Display'); add_line('model','Constant1/1','BitOp/1'); add_line('model','BitOp/1','Display/1'); ```
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