Invoking a CGI Program

本文介绍如何使用URL来调用CGI程序,并详细解释了查询字符串中参数的编码方式。此外还提供了几个关于CGI编程的参考资料。
reference: [url]http://devedge-temp.mozilla.org/library/manuals/1998/htmlguide/tags17.html[/url]

[b]Invoking a CGI Program[/b]
You can use URLs to invoke CGI programs. A CGI program runs on a a server, processes arguments sent by the URL, and returns data to the browser. It is beyond the scope of this reference to provide details of CGI programming, but many fine books are available on the subject, and also lots of information is available on the web.

To specify a URL that invokes a CGI program, specify the location of the CGI program, followed by a query string which contains the arguments for the program. A query string consists of a question mark, followed by the name/value pairs to be submitted to the program. Each name/value pair is separated by an &. Use the URL-encoded value %20 to indicate white spaces and %0A to indicate new lines.
The following example invokes the program "compute.cgi" that takes three arguments. The value of the argument val1 is 25, val2 is 39, and text is "how now brown cow".

http://www.somecompany.com/cgi-bin/compute.cgi?val1=25&val2=39&text=how%20now%20brown%20%cow
Note that in the above example there should be no line breaks; the line break shown is for readability only.

[b]More good references about invoking CGI:[/b]
[url]http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/PERL/node193.html[/url]
C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\bin\catalina.bat run [2025-06-17 11:25:25,042] 工件 CookieShop:Web exploded: 正在等待服务器连接以启动工件部署… Using CATALINA_BASE: "C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347" Using CATALINA_HOME: "C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16" Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: "C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\temp" Using JRE_HOME: "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221" Using CLASSPATH: "C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\bin\bootstrap.jar;C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\bin\tomcat-juli.jar" 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.164 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server.鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ増鏈�: Apache Tomcat/8.5.50 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log 鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦ瀯寤�: Dec 7 2019 19:19:46 UTC 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log 鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ増鏈彿(锛�8.5.50.0 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS Name: Windows 10 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS.鐗堟湰: 10.0 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log 鏋舵瀯: amd64 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Java 鐜鍙橀噺: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\jre 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM 鐗堟湰: 1.8.0_221-b11 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM.渚涘簲鍟�: Oracle Corporation 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_BASE: C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_HOME: C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.166 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.config.file=C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347\conf\logging.properties 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote= 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.port=1099 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl=false 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.password.file=C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347\jmxremote.password 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.access.file=C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347\jmxremote.access 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=127.0.0.1 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=org.apache.catalina.webresources 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dignore.endorsed.dirs= 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.base=C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\JetBrains\IntelliJIdea2023.3\tomcat\a3b17d3f-5a1e-4645-9545-9b779b15f347 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.home=C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.io.tmpdir=C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\temp 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.167 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.lifecycleEvent The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path: [C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\bin;C:\WINDOWS\Sun\Java\bin;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\bin;D:\1\bin\;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\ss\anaconda;D:\ss\anaconda\Scripts;D:\ss\anaconda\Library\bin;D:\ss\anaconda\Library\mingw-w64\bin;C:\Program Files\VanDyke Software\SecureCRT\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA app\NvDLISR;C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\bin;%HADOOP_HOME%\bin;%HADOOP_HOME%\sbin;C:\Users\29970\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\bin;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_221\jre\bin;;.] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.267 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init 鍒濆鍖栧崗璁鐞嗗櫒 ["http-nio-8081"] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.278 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorPool.getSharedSelector Using a shared selector for servlet write/read 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.287 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init 鍒濆鍖栧崗璁鐞嗗櫒 ["ajp-nio-8009"] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.289 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorPool.getSharedSelector Using a shared selector for servlet write/read 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.290 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load Initialization processed in 418 ms 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.318 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.startInternal Starting service [Catalina] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.318 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.startInternal Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/8.5.50 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.330 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.start 寮�濮嬪崗璁鐞嗗彞鏌刐"http-nio-8081"] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.339 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.start 寮�濮嬪崗璁鐞嗗彞鏌刐"ajp-nio-8009"] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:27.341 淇℃伅 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start Server startup in 51 ms 已连接到服务器 [2025-06-17 11:25:27,633] 工件 CookieShop:Web exploded: 正在部署工件,请稍候… 17-Jun-2025 11:25:28.032 涓ラ噸 [RMI TCP Connection(2)-127.0.0.1] org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]] at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.handleSubClassException(LifecycleBase.java:440) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:198) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:743) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:719) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:705) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.manageApp(HostConfig.java:1720) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:479) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:428) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at com.sun.jmx.remote.security.MBeanServerAccessController.invoke(MBeanServerAccessController.java:468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.access$300(RMIConnectionImpl.java:76) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl$PrivilegedOperation.run(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1309) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doPrivilegedOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1408) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.invoke(RMIConnectionImpl.java:829) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at sun.rmi.server.UnicastServerRef.dispatch(UnicastServerRef.java:357) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:200) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:197) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport.serviceCall(Transport.java:196) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport.handleMessages(TCPTransport.java:573) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run0(TCPTransport.java:834) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.lambda$run$0(TCPTransport.java:688) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run(TCPTransport.java:687) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/commons/fileupload/FileUploadException at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredFields0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredFields(Class.java:2583) at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredFields(Class.java:1916) at org.apache.catalina.util.Introspection.getDeclaredFields(Introspection.java:110) at org.apache.catalina.startup.WebAnnotationSet.loadFieldsAnnotation(WebAnnotationSet.java:269) at org.apache.catalina.startup.WebAnnotationSet.loadApplicationServletAnnotations(WebAnnotationSet.java:137) at org.apache.catalina.startup.WebAnnotationSet.loadApplicationAnnotations(WebAnnotationSet.java:69) at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.applicationAnnotationsConfig(ContextConfig.java:328) at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.configureStart(ContextConfig.java:779) at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.lifecycleEvent(ContextConfig.java:299) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleBase.java:123) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5063) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:183) ... 44 more Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.commons.fileupload.FileUploadException at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase.loadClass(WebappClassLoaderBase.java:1358) at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase.loadClass(WebappClassLoaderBase.java:1180) ... 57 more 17-Jun-2025 11:25:28.035 涓ラ噸 [RMI TCP Connection(2)-127.0.0.1] org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke Exception invoking method manageApp java.lang.IllegalStateException: ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]] at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:747) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:719) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:705) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.manageApp(HostConfig.java:1720) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) [2025-06-17 11:25:28,068] 工件 CookieShop:Web exploded: 部署工件时出错。请参阅服务器日志了解详细信息。 at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:479) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:428) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at com.sun.jmx.remote.security.MBeanServerAccessController.invoke(MBeanServerAccessController.java:468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.access$300(RMIConnectionImpl.java:76) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl$PrivilegedOperation.run(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1309) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doPrivilegedOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1408) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.invoke(RMIConnectionImpl.java:829) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at sun.rmi.server.UnicastServerRef.dispatch(UnicastServerRef.java:357) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:200) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:197) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport.serviceCall(Transport.java:196) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport.handleMessages(TCPTransport.java:573) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run0(TCPTransport.java:834) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.lambda$run$0(TCPTransport.java:688) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run(TCPTransport.java:687) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) 17-Jun-2025 11:25:28.035 涓ラ噸 [RMI TCP Connection(2)-127.0.0.1] org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke Exception invoking method createStandardContext javax.management.RuntimeOperationsException: Exception invoking method manageApp at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:295) at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:479) at org.apache.catalina.mbeans.MBeanFactory.createStandardContext(MBeanFactory.java:428) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819) at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:801) at com.sun.jmx.remote.security.MBeanServerAccessController.invoke(MBeanServerAccessController.java:468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1468) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.access$300(RMIConnectionImpl.java:76) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl$PrivilegedOperation.run(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1309) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.doPrivilegedOperation(RMIConnectionImpl.java:1408) at javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectionImpl.invoke(RMIConnectionImpl.java:829) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at sun.rmi.server.UnicastServerRef.dispatch(UnicastServerRef.java:357) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:200) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:197) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.Transport.serviceCall(Transport.java:196) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport.handleMessages(TCPTransport.java:573) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run0(TCPTransport.java:834) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.lambda$run$0(TCPTransport.java:688) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run(TCPTransport.java:687) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]] at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:747) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:719) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:705) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.manageApp(HostConfig.java:1720) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:287) ... 35 more 17-Jun-2025 11:25:37.344 淇℃伅 [localhost-startStop-1] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory 鎶妛eb 搴旂敤绋嬪簭閮ㄧ讲鍒扮洰褰� [C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\webapps\manager] 17-Jun-2025 11:25:37.485 淇℃伅 [localhost-startStop-1] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Deployment of web application directory [C:\Users\29970\Downloads\apache-tomcat-8.5.16\webapps\manager] has finished in [141] ms
06-18
【无人机】基于改进粒子群算法的无人机路径规划研究[和遗传算法、粒子群算法进行比较](Matlab代码实现)内容概要:本文围绕基于改进粒子群算法的无人机路径规划展开研究,重点探讨了在复杂环境中利用改进粒子群算法(PSO)实现无人机三维路径规划的方法,并将其与遗传算法(GA)、标准粒子群算法等传统优化算法进行对比分析。研究内容涵盖路径规划的多目标优化、避障策略、航路点约束以及算法收敛性和寻优能力的评估,所有实验均通过Matlab代码实现,提供了完整的仿真验证流程。文章还提到了多种智能优化算法在无人机路径规划中的应用比较,突出了改进PSO在收敛速度和全局寻优方面的优势。; 适合人群:具备一定Matlab编程基础和优化算法知识的研究生、科研人员及从事无人机路径规划、智能优化算法研究的相关技术人员。; 使用场景及目标:①用于无人机在复杂地形或动态环境下的三维路径规划仿真研究;②比较不同智能优化算法(如PSO、GA、蚁群算法、RRT等)在路径规划中的性能差异;③为多目标优化问题提供算法选型和改进思路。; 阅读建议:建议读者结合文中提供的Matlab代码进行实践操作,重点关注算法的参数设置、适应度函数设计及路径约束处理方式,同时可参考文中提到的多种算法对比思路,拓展到其他智能优化算法的研究与改进中。
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