对于该段代码：# Import necessary libraries for GUI and image processing
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog, ttk, messagebox
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageDraw
import math
import time
# Class to display algorithm information in a separate window
class AlgorithmInfoWindow:
def __init__(self, parent):
# Create a new window with fade-in effect
self.window = tk.Toplevel(parent)
self.window.title("Canny Edge Detection - Algorithm Information")
self.window.geometry("800x600")
self.window.configure(bg='#f0f0f0')
# Make the window float on top of the parent window
self.window.transient(parent)
self.window.grab_set()
# Set initial transparency for fade-in effect
self.window.attributes('-alpha', 0.0)
# Configure styles for labels and frames
style = ttk.Style()
style.configure('Info.TLabel',
font=('Helvetica', 11),
background='#f0f0f0',
wraplength=700)
style.configure('InfoTitle.TLabel',
font=('Helvetica', 14, 'bold'),
background='#f0f0f0',
foreground='#2c3e50')
style.configure('InfoSection.TFrame',
background='#ffffff',
relief='solid')
style.configure('Hover.TFrame',
background='#e8f0fe')
# Create main frame with custom canvas for smooth scrolling
main_frame = ttk.Frame(self.window, style='InfoSection.TFrame')
main_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=20, pady=20)
# Create canvas with custom scrolling
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(main_frame,
bg='#ffffff',
highlightthickness=0,
relief='flat')
scrollbar = ttk.Scrollbar(main_frame,
orient="vertical",
command=self.smooth_scroll)
self.content_frame = ttk.Frame(self.canvas,
style='InfoSection.TFrame')
# Configure scrolling
self.canvas.configure(yscrollcommand=scrollbar.set)
# Pack scrollbar and canvas
scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y")
self.canvas.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=True)
# Create window in canvas
self.canvas_frame = self.canvas.create_window(
(0, 0),
window=self.content_frame,
anchor="nw",
width=self.canvas.winfo_reqwidth()
)
# Add sections with animation delays
self.sections = [
("Canny Edge Detection Algorithm",
"""The Canny edge detection algorithm is a multi-stage algorithm developed by John F. Canny in 1986.
It is considered one of the most robust edge detection algorithms."""),
("1. Grayscale Conversion",
"""Convert the image to grayscale using weighted sum:
gray = 0.2989 * R + 0.5870 * G + 0.1140 * B
This weights are based on human perception of color."""),
("2. Gaussian Blur",
"""Apply Gaussian blur to reduce noise:
- Create 5x5 Gaussian kernel using the formula:
G(x,y) = (1/2πσ²)e^(-(x²+y²)/2σ²)
- Convolve image with kernel
- Reduces noise while preserving edges"""),
("3. Gradient Calculation",
"""Calculate intensity gradients:
- Apply Sobel operators in x and y directions
- Find gradient magnitude: √(Gx² + Gy²)
- Find gradient direction: θ = arctan(Gy/Gx)
Sobel operators:
X = [[-1, 0, 1],
[-2, 0, 2],
[-1, 0, 1]]
Y = [[-1, -2, -1],
[ 0, 0, 0],
[ 1, 2, 1]]"""),
("4. Non-Maximum Suppression",
"""Thin edges by suppressing non-maximum values:
1. Round gradient direction to nearest 45°
2. Compare with pixels in gradient direction
3. Suppress if not local maximum
This creates thin, precise edges."""),
("5. Double Thresholding",
"""Identify strong and weak edges:
- High threshold (strong): typically 0.15 * max
- Low threshold (weak): typically 0.05 * max
Creates three categories:
- Strong edges (keep)
- Weak edges (evaluate)
- Non-edges (discard)"""),
("6. Edge Tracking by Hysteresis",
"""Connect edges using hysteresis:
1. Start with strong edges
2. Recursively add connected weak edges
3. Remove isolated weak edges
This creates continuous edge lines.""")
]
# Add sections with animation
self.section_frames = []
for i, (title, content) in enumerate(self.sections):
self.window.after(i * 100, lambda t=title, c=content:
self.add_section_with_animation(t, c))
# Configure canvas scrolling
self.content_frame.bind('<Configure>', self.on_frame_configure)
self.canvas.bind('<Configure>', self.on_canvas_configure)
# Bind mouse wheel for smooth scrolling
self.canvas.bind_all('<MouseWheel>', self.on_mousewheel)
# Close button with hover effect
self.close_btn = ttk.Button(self.window,
text="Close",
command=self.close_with_animation,
style='Custom.TButton')
self.close_btn.pack(pady=10)
# Start fade-in animation
self.fade_in()
def fade_in(self, alpha=0.0):
"""Animate window fade in"""
if alpha < 1.0:
alpha += 0.1
self.window.attributes('-alpha', alpha)
self.window.after(20, lambda: self.fade_in(alpha))
def fade_out(self, alpha=1.0):
"""Animate window fade out"""
if alpha > 0:
alpha -= 0.1
self.window.attributes('-alpha', alpha)
self.window.after(20, lambda: self.fade_out(alpha))
else:
self.window.destroy()
def close_with_animation(self):
"""Close window with fade-out animation"""
self.fade_out()
def add_section_with_animation(self, title, content):
"""Add a section with slide-in animation"""
frame = ttk.Frame(self.content_frame, style='InfoSection.TFrame')
frame.pack(fill=tk.X, pady=10, padx=10)
frame.pack_propagate(False) # Prevent size changes
# Create content
title_label = ttk.Label(frame, text=title, style='InfoTitle.TLabel')
title_label.pack(anchor='w', pady=(5, 0))
content_label = ttk.Label(frame, text=content, style='Info.TLabel')
content_label.pack(anchor='w', pady=(5, 10))
# Add hover effect
frame.bind('<Enter>', lambda e: self.on_section_hover(frame, True))
frame.bind('<Leave>', lambda e: self.on_section_hover(frame, False))
# Animate frame height
frame.update()
required_height = title_label.winfo_reqheight() + content_label.winfo_reqheight() + 20
frame.configure(height=1)
self.animate_frame_height(frame, required_height)
self.section_frames.append(frame)
def animate_frame_height(self, frame, target_height, current_height=1):
"""Animate frame height smoothly"""
if current_height < target_height:
current_height += (target_height - current_height) * 0.2
if current_height < target_height - 1:
frame.configure(height=int(current_height))
self.window.after(10, lambda: self.animate_frame_height(frame, target_height, current_height))
else:
frame.configure(height=target_height)
frame.pack_propagate(True)
def on_section_hover(self, frame, entering):
"""Handle section hover effect"""
frame.configure(style='Hover.TFrame' if entering else 'InfoSection.TFrame')
def smooth_scroll(self, *args):
"""Implement smooth scrolling"""
if len(args) > 1:
self.canvas.yview_moveto(args[1])
else:
# Use smoother scrolling with acceleration
amount = int(args[0])
# Apply scrolling with acceleration effect
if amount != 0:
for i in range(3):
factor = 0.7 ** i # Decreasing factor for deceleration
scroll_amount = int(amount * factor) if amount * factor >= 1 or amount * factor <= -1 else amount
self.window.after(i * 5, lambda a=scroll_amount: self.canvas.yview_scroll(a, 'units'))
def on_mousewheel(self, event):
"""Handle smooth mousewheel scrolling with improved animation"""
# Get the delta value and normalize it
delta = -1 * (event.delta // 120)
# Use more steps with smaller increments for smoother animation
steps = 15 # Increased steps for smoother animation
# Apply scrolling with cubic deceleration curve
for i in range(steps):
factor = 1 - (i / steps) ** 3 # Cubic deceleration for smoother stop
scroll_amount = int(delta * 2 * factor) # Multiply by 2 for better initial momentum
scroll_amount = max(1, scroll_amount) if scroll_amount > 0 else min(-1, scroll_amount)
# Apply with increasing delay for natural deceleration
self.window.after(i * 5, lambda a=scroll_amount: self.canvas.yview_scroll(a, 'units'))
def on_frame_configure(self, event=None):
"""Reset scroll region when content frame size changes"""
self.canvas.configure(scrollregion=self.canvas.bbox("all"))
def on_canvas_configure(self, event):
"""Update canvas window size when canvas is resized"""
self.canvas.itemconfig(self.canvas_frame, width=event.width)
# Main class for the Canny Edge Detection tool
class CannyEdgeDetector:
def __init__(self):
# Initialize the main window
self.window = tk.Tk()
self.window.title("Canny Edge Detection Tool")
self.window.geometry("1200x800")
self.window.configure(bg='#f0f0f0')
# Set theme for the application
style = ttk.Style()
style.theme_use('clam')
# Configure styles for frames and buttons
style.configure('Custom.TFrame', background='#f0f0f0')
style.configure('Custom.TButton',
padding=10,
font=('Helvetica', 10, 'bold'))
style.configure('Title.TLabel',
font=('Helvetica', 28, 'bold'), # Increased font size
background='#f0f0f0',
foreground='#2c3e50')
style.configure('Subtitle.TLabel',
font=('Helvetica', 12),
background='#f0f0f0',
foreground='#34495e')
style.configure('Progress.Horizontal.TProgressbar',
background='#2ecc71',
troughcolor='#ecf0f1',
bordercolor='#bdc3c7')
# Create main canvas for scrolling
self.main_canvas = tk.Canvas(self.window, bg='#f0f0f0', highlightthickness=0)
self.scrollbar = ttk.Scrollbar(self.window, orient="vertical", command=self.smooth_scroll)
self.main_canvas.configure(yscrollcommand=self.scrollbar.set)
# Pack scrollbar and canvas
self.scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y")
self.main_canvas.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=True)
# Create main frame inside canvas
self.main_frame = ttk.Frame(self.main_canvas, padding="20", style='Custom.TFrame')
self.canvas_frame = self.main_canvas.create_window(
(0, 0),
window=self.main_frame,
anchor="nw",
width=self.main_canvas.winfo_reqwidth()
)
# Title and buttons frame
title_frame = ttk.Frame(self.main_frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
title_frame.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='ew')
title_frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1) # Make middle column expandable
# Title (centered)
self.title_label = ttk.Label(title_frame,
text="Canny Edge Detection",
style='Title.TLabel',
anchor='center')
self.title_label.grid(row=0, column=0, pady=(0, 20), sticky='ew') # Centered title
# Button frame
self.button_frame = ttk.Frame(self.main_frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
self.button_frame.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=(0, 20))
# Buttons (all in one line)
self.choose_btn = ttk.Button(self.button_frame,
text="Choose Image",
command=self.load_image,
style='Custom.TButton')
self.choose_btn.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10)
self.process_btn = ttk.Button(self.button_frame,
text="Process",
command=self.process_image_with_progress,
style='Custom.TButton')
self.process_btn.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10)
self.reset_btn = ttk.Button(self.button_frame,
text="Reset",
command=self.reset_images,
style='Custom.TButton')
self.reset_btn.grid(row=0, column=2, padx=10)
# Info button (next to reset button)
self.info_btn = ttk.Button(self.button_frame,
text="ℹ️ Algorithm Info",
command=self.show_algorithm_info,
style='Custom.TButton')
self.info_btn.grid(row=0, column=3, padx=10)
# Progress frame
self.progress_frame = ttk.Frame(self.main_frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
self.progress_frame.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=(0, 20))
# Progress bar
self.progress_var = tk.DoubleVar()
self.progress_bar = ttk.Progressbar(self.progress_frame,
variable=self.progress_var,
maximum=100,
mode='determinate',
length=400,
style='Progress.Horizontal.TProgressbar')
self.progress_bar.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=(0, 10))
# Progress percentage label
self.progress_label = ttk.Label(self.progress_frame,
text="0%",
style='Subtitle.TLabel')
self.progress_label.grid(row=0, column=1)
# Hide progress frame initially
self.progress_frame.grid_remove()
# Status label
self.status_label = ttk.Label(self.main_frame,
text="",
style='Subtitle.TLabel')
self.status_label.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=(0, 20))
# Image frames
self.create_image_frame("Original Image", 4, 0)
self.create_image_frame("Edge Detected Image", 4, 1)
# Initialize variables
self.current_image = None
self.processed_image = None
# Load default square image
self.create_default_square_image()
# Configure grid weights for responsive layout
self.window.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.window.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.main_frame.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight=1) # Make image frames expandable
self.main_frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.main_frame.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
# Bind events for smooth scrolling with improved responsiveness
self.main_canvas.bind('<Configure>', self.on_canvas_configure)
self.main_frame.bind('<Configure>', self.on_frame_configure)
self.main_canvas.bind_all('<MouseWheel>', self.on_mousewheel)
# Ensure buttons stay visible during processing
self.button_frame.lift()
self.progress_frame.lift()
def create_default_square_image(self):
"""Create default square image as shown in screenshot"""
# Create larger image to better fill the frame
size = 400 # Increased size
img = Image.new('RGB', (size, size), 'black')
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
# Calculate sizes for squares
outer_size = int(size * 0.6) # 60% of total size
inner_size = int(outer_size * 0.3) # 30% of outer square
# Calculate positions
outer_offset = (size - outer_size) // 2
outer_box = [(outer_offset, outer_offset),
(outer_offset + outer_size, outer_offset + outer_size)]
# Draw outer white square
draw.rectangle(outer_box, fill='white')
# Calculate inner square position
inner_offset = (size - inner_size) // 2
inner_box = [(inner_offset, inner_offset),
(inner_offset + inner_size, inner_offset + inner_size)]
# Draw inner black square
draw.rectangle(inner_box, fill='black')
self.current_image = np.array(img)
self.display_image(img, self.original_image_label)
def show_algorithm_info(self):
"""Show algorithm information window"""
AlgorithmInfoWindow(self.window)
def reset_images(self):
"""Reset to default square image"""
self.create_default_square_image()
if self.processed_image_label:
self.processed_image_label.configure(image='')
self.hide_progress()
self.status_label.config(text="Reset complete")
def update_progress(self, value, status_text):
"""Update progress bar, percentage and status text"""
self.progress_var.set(value)
self.progress_label.config(text=f"{int(value)}%")
self.status_label.config(text=status_text)
self.window.update()
def hide_progress(self):
"""Hide progress elements"""
self.progress_frame.grid_remove()
self.status_label.config(text="")
self.progress_var.set(0)
self.progress_label.config(text="0%")
def create_image_frame(self, title, row, column):
"""Create a frame for displaying images with a title and border"""
# Create main frame with fixed size and gray background
frame = ttk.Frame(self.main_frame, padding="10", relief="solid", borderwidth=1)
frame.grid(row=row, column=column, padx=5, pady=(0, 10), sticky="nsew")
# Force both frames to have identical width
self.main_frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1, uniform="equal") # Use uniform to ensure equal size
self.main_frame.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1, uniform="equal") # Use uniform to ensure equal size
# Configure frame size with optimal dimensions for small screens
frame.grid_propagate(False) # Prevent frame from resizing to content
frame.configure(width=350, height=350) # Reduced dimensions for better small screen compatibility
# Title with enhanced styling
style = ttk.Style()
style.configure('FrameTitle.TLabel',
font=('Helvetica', 14, 'bold'),
foreground='#2c3e50',
background='#e0e0e0',
padding=5)
# Title container frame with background
title_container = ttk.Frame(frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
title_container.pack(fill="x", pady=(0, 10))
title_container.configure(height=40)
title_label = ttk.Label(title_container,
text=title,
style='FrameTitle.TLabel',
anchor='center')
title_label.pack(fill="x", expand=True)
# Create image container frame with gray background
image_container = ttk.Frame(frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
image_container.pack(expand=True, fill="both", padx=5, pady=5)
image_container.configure(width=480, height=430)
# Image label with gray background
image_label = ttk.Label(image_container)
image_label.pack(expand=True, fill="both")
# Save button container
save_container = ttk.Frame(frame, style='Custom.TFrame')
save_container.pack(fill="x", pady=(5, 0))
# Save button with enhanced style
style.configure('Save.TButton',
font=('Helvetica', 10),
padding=5)
save_btn = ttk.Button(save_container,
text="Save Image",
style='Save.TButton',
command=lambda: self.save_image(column))
save_btn.pack(pady=5)
if column == 0:
self.original_image_label = image_label
else:
self.processed_image_label = image_label
def display_image(self, image, label):
"""
Display numpy array image in GUI label
Args:
image: numpy array of image data
label: target label widget for display
Maintains aspect ratio while fitting to display area
"""
if image:
# Use fixed dimensions for both frames to ensure they're identical
frame_width = 480
frame_height = 430
# Calculate scaling ratio while preserving aspect ratio
img_width, img_height = image.size
width_ratio = frame_width / img_width
height_ratio = frame_height / img_height
scale_ratio = min(width_ratio, height_ratio)
# Calculate new size
new_width = int(img_width * scale_ratio)
new_height = int(img_height * scale_ratio)
# Resize image
resized_image = image.resize((new_width, new_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
# Create new image with gray background
final_image = Image.new('RGB', (frame_width, frame_height), '#f0f0f0')
# Calculate position to center the image
x_offset = (frame_width - new_width) // 2
y_offset = (frame_height - new_height) // 2
# Paste resized image onto background
final_image.paste(resized_image, (x_offset, y_offset))
# Convert to PhotoImage and display
photo = ImageTk.PhotoImage(final_image)
label.configure(image=photo)
label.image = photo # Keep reference
def save_image(self, image_type):
"""Save the image to disk"""
if image_type == 0 and self.current_image is not None:
image_to_save = Image.fromarray(self.current_image)
title = "Save Original Image"
elif image_type == 1 and hasattr(self, 'processed_image'):
image_to_save = Image.fromarray((self.processed_image * 255).astype(np.uint8))
title = "Save Edge Detected Image"
else:
messagebox.showwarning("Warning", "No image to save!")
return
# Ask for save location
file_path = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(
title=title,
defaultextension=".png",
filetypes=[
("PNG files", "*.png"),
("JPEG files", "*.jpg"),
("All files", "*.*")
]
)
if file_path:
try:
image_to_save.save(file_path)
messagebox.showinfo("Success", "Image saved successfully!")
except Exception as e:
messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Failed to save image: {str(e)}")
def process_image_with_progress(self):
"""
Execute edge detection pipeline with progress tracking
Steps:
1. Input validation
2. Grayscale conversion
3. Gaussian blur
4. Gradient calculation
5. Non-max suppression
6. Double thresholding
7. Hysteresis edge tracking
"""
if self.current_image is None:
messagebox.showwarning("Warning", "Please select an image first!")
return
self.progress_frame.grid() # Show progress frame
self.status_label.grid() # Show status label
try:
# Convert to grayscale
self.update_progress(20, "Converting to grayscale...")
time.sleep(0.3) # Simulate processing time
gray_image = self.to_grayscale(self.current_image)
# Apply Gaussian blur
self.update_progress(40, "Applying Gaussian blur...")
time.sleep(0.3)
blurred = self.apply_gaussian_blur(gray_image)
# Calculate gradients
self.update_progress(60, "Calculating gradients...")
time.sleep(0.3)
gradient_magnitude, gradient_direction = self.sobel_filters(blurred)
# Apply non-maximum suppression
self.update_progress(70, "Applying non-maximum suppression...")
time.sleep(0.3)
suppressed = self.non_maximum_suppression(gradient_magnitude, gradient_direction)
# Apply double threshold
self.update_progress(80, "Applying double threshold...")
time.sleep(0.3)
strong_edges, weak_edges = self.double_threshold(suppressed)
# Apply hysteresis
self.update_progress(90, "Applying hysteresis...")
time.sleep(0.3)
final_edges = self.hysteresis(strong_edges, weak_edges)
# Store processed image
self.processed_image = final_edges
# Display result
self.update_progress(100, "Complete!")
display_image = Image.fromarray((final_edges * 255).astype(np.uint8))
self.display_image(display_image, self.processed_image_label)
# Hide progress elements after a delay
self.window.after(1000, self.hide_progress)
except Exception as e:
messagebox.showerror("Error", f"An error occurred: {str(e)}")
self.hide_progress()
def load_image(self):
"""
Load an image through file dialog
Supported formats: JPEG, PNG, BMP
Updates original image display
Handles common file errors
"""
file_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(
filetypes=[
("Image files", "*.jpg;*.jpeg;*.png;*.bmp;*.gif"),
("All files", "*.*")
]
)
if file_path:
try:
# Load image
image = Image.open(file_path)
# Convert to RGB if necessary
if image.mode != 'RGB':
image = image.convert('RGB')
# Store original image for processing
self.current_image = np.array(image)
# Display image with proper scaling
self.display_image(image, self.original_image_label)
# Clear processed image
if self.processed_image_label:
self.processed_image_label.configure(image='')
self.status_label.config(text="Image loaded successfully")
except Exception as e:
messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Failed to load image: {str(e)}")
self.status_label.config(text="Failed to load image")
def to_grayscale(self, image):
"""Convert RGB image to grayscale using manual implementation"""
if len(image.shape) == 3:
return np.dot(image[..., :3], [0.2989, 0.5870, 0.1140]).astype(np.float32)
return image
def gaussian_kernel(self, size, sigma=1.4):
"""Generate Gaussian kernel manually"""
kernel = np.zeros((size, size))
center = size // 2
for x in range(size):
for y in range(size):
x_dist = x - center
y_dist = y - center
kernel[x, y] = (1 / (2 * np.pi * sigma ** 2)) * np.exp(-(x_dist ** 2 + y_dist ** 2) / (2 * sigma ** 2))
return kernel / np.sum(kernel)
def apply_gaussian_blur(self, image, kernel_size=5):
"""Apply Gaussian blur manually"""
kernel = self.gaussian_kernel(kernel_size)
padding = kernel_size // 2
padded = np.pad(image, padding, mode='edge')
output = np.zeros_like(image)
for i in range(image.shape[0]):
for j in range(image.shape[1]):
output[i, j] = np.sum(
padded[i:i + kernel_size, j:j + kernel_size] * kernel
)
return output
def sobel_filters(self, image):
"""Apply Sobel filters manually"""
Gx = np.array([[-1, 0, 1], [-2, 0, 2], [-1, 0, 1]])
Gy = np.array([[-1, -2, -1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]])
padding = 1
padded = np.pad(image, padding, mode='edge')
gradient_x = np.zeros_like(image)
gradient_y = np.zeros_like(image)
for i in range(image.shape[0]):
for j in range(image.shape[1]):
gradient_x[i, j] = np.sum(
padded[i:i + 3, j:j + 3] * Gx
)
gradient_y[i, j] = np.sum(
padded[i:i + 3, j:j + 3] * Gy
)
gradient_magnitude = np.sqrt(gradient_x ** 2 + gradient_y ** 2)
gradient_direction = np.arctan2(gradient_y, gradient_x)
return gradient_magnitude, gradient_direction
def non_maximum_suppression(self, gradient_magnitude, gradient_direction):
"""Apply non-maximum suppression"""
height, width = gradient_magnitude.shape
output = np.zeros_like(gradient_magnitude)
# Convert angles from radians to degrees
angle = gradient_direction * 180 / np.pi
angle[angle < 0] += 180
for i in range(1, height - 1):
for j in range(1, width - 1):
q = 255
r = 255
# Angle 0
if (0 <= angle[i, j] < 22.5) or (157.5 <= angle[i, j] <= 180):
q = gradient_magnitude[i, j + 1]
r = gradient_magnitude[i, j - 1]
# Angle 45
elif (22.5 <= angle[i, j] < 67.5):
q = gradient_magnitude[i + 1, j - 1]
r = gradient_magnitude[i - 1, j + 1]
# Angle 90
elif (67.5 <= angle[i, j] < 112.5):
q = gradient_magnitude[i + 1, j]
r = gradient_magnitude[i - 1, j]
# Angle 135
elif (112.5 <= angle[i, j] < 157.5):
q = gradient_magnitude[i - 1, j - 1]
r = gradient_magnitude[i + 1, j + 1]
if (gradient_magnitude[i, j] >= q) and (gradient_magnitude[i, j] >= r):
output[i, j] = gradient_magnitude[i, j]
else:
output[i, j] = 0
return output
def double_threshold(self, image, low_ratio=0.05, high_ratio=0.15):
"""Apply double threshold"""
high_threshold = image.max() * high_ratio
low_threshold = high_threshold * low_ratio
strong_edges = (image >= high_threshold)
weak_edges = (image >= low_threshold) & (image < high_threshold)
return strong_edges, weak_edges
def hysteresis(self, strong_edges, weak_edges):
"""Apply hysteresis to connect edges"""
height, width = strong_edges.shape
output = np.copy(strong_edges)
dx = [-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
dy = [-1, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1]
# Iterate until no more changes
while True:
previous = np.copy(output)
for i in range(1, height - 1):
for j in range(1, width - 1):
if weak_edges[i, j]:
# Check if any neighbor is a strong edge
for k in range(8):
if output[i + dx[k], j + dy[k]]:
output[i, j] = True
break
if np.array_equal(previous, output):
break
return output
def on_mousewheel(self, event):
"""Handle smooth mousewheel scrolling with improved animation"""
# Get the delta value and normalize it
delta = -1 * (event.delta // 120)
# Use more steps with smaller increments for smoother animation
steps = 15 # Increased number of steps for even smoother scrolling
# Apply scrolling with acceleration and deceleration
for i in range(steps):
# Calculate a smooth deceleration curve
factor = 1 - (i / steps) ** 2 # Quadratic deceleration for natural feel
scroll_amount = max(1, int(delta * factor)) if delta > 0 else min(-1, int(delta * factor))
# Apply with increasing delay for natural deceleration
self.window.after(i * 4, lambda a=scroll_amount: self.main_canvas.yview_scroll(a, 'units'))
def smooth_scroll(self, *args):
"""Implement smooth scrolling"""
if len(args) > 1:
self.main_canvas.yview_moveto(args[1])
else:
# Use smoother scrolling with acceleration
amount = int(args[0])
# Apply scrolling with acceleration effect
if amount != 0:
for i in range(5): # Increased range for smoother scrolling
factor = 0.8 ** i # Adjusted factor for better deceleration
scroll_amount = int(amount * factor) if amount * factor >= 1 or amount * factor <= -1 else amount
self.window.after(i * 4, lambda a=scroll_amount: self.main_canvas.yview_scroll(a, 'units'))
def on_frame_configure(self, event=None):
"""Reset scroll region when content frame size changes"""
self.main_canvas.configure(scrollregion=self.main_canvas.bbox("all"))
# Ensure the canvas is large enough to accommodate all content
self.main_frame.update_idletasks()
def on_canvas_configure(self, event):
"""Update canvas window size when canvas is resized"""
self.main_canvas.itemconfig(self.canvas_frame, width=event.width)
# Ensure the canvas window is properly sized for future content additions
self.main_canvas.configure(width=event.width)
def run(self):
self.window.mainloop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = CannyEdgeDetector()
app.run()如何在训练阶段，使用农田边缘区域的掩码标注数据，限定模型仅在边缘区域进行目标检测，忽略农田内部区域。
本文详细介绍了如何在iOS应用中创建自定义状态栏，并通过代码示例展示了如何实现这一功能。
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