Rails版本区别

于 2011-01-19 18:05:00 发布
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文章标签： ruby 数据库 json

1. 脚本命令

旧的命令 新的用法

script/generate rails g

script/console rails c

script/server rails s

script/dbconsole rails db

2. 配置文件

rails2:config/environment.rb

Ruby代码
  1. Rails::Initializer.run do |config|
  2. config.load_paths+=%W(#{RAILS_ROOT}/extras)
  3. config.gem"bj"
  4. config.gem"sqlite3-ruby" , :lib => "sqlite3"
  5. config.gem"aws-s3" , :lib => "aws/s3"
  6. config.plugins=[:exception_notification ]
  7. config.time_zone='UTC'
  8. end 
Rails::Initializer.run do |config|
    config.load_paths += %W( #{RAILS_ROOT}/extras )
    config.gem "bj"
    config.gem "sqlite3-ruby", :lib => "sqlite3"
    config.gem "aws-s3", :lib => "aws/s3"
    config.plugins = [ :exception_notification ]
    config.time_zone = 'UTC'
end

rails3:config/application.rb

Ruby代码
  1. module APP_NAME
  2. class Application<Rails::Application
  3. config.load_paths+=%W(#{RAILS_ROOT}/extras)
  4. config.plugins=[:exception_notification ]
  5. config.time_zone='UTC'
  6. end
  7. end 
module APP_NAME
    class Application < Rails::Application
        config.load_paths += %W( #{RAILS_ROOT}/extras )
        config.plugins = [ :exception_notification ]
        config.time_zone = 'UTC'
    end
end

这样就变成了一种架构式的应用, 我们可以根据方便的对config进行操作

3. 路由

在rails3中, 已经的路由可以继续工作, 而新的路由方式更加简洁.

在 rails2 中:

Ruby代码
  1. map.resources :posts do |post|
  2. post.resources:comments
  3. end 
map.resources :posts do |post|
    post.resources :comments
end

而在rails3中 , 表达更为形象:

Ruby代码
  1. resources :posts do
  2. resources:comments
  3. end 
resources :posts do
    resources :comments
end

对于一些复杂的路由, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. post.resources :comments ,
  2. :member =>{ :preview => :post },
  3. :collection =>{ :archived => :get } 
post.resources :comments,
                 :member => { :preview => :post },
                 :collection => { :archived => :get }

在 rails3中可以这样表达:

Ruby代码
  1. resources :comments do
  2. memberdo
  3. post:preview
  4. end
  5. collectiondo
  6. get:archived
  7. end
  8. end 
resources :comments do
    member do
        post :preview
    end
    collection do
        get :archived
    end
end

不够简洁? 我们还可以这样做:

Ruby代码
  1. resources :comments do
  2. post:preview , :on => :member
  3. get:archived , :on => :collection
  4. end 
resources :comments do
    post :preview, :on => :member
    get :archived, :on => :collection
end

对于基本路由, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect 'login' , :controller => 'session' , :action => 'new' 
map.connect 'login', :controller => 'session', :action => 'new'

那么在rails3中:


Ruby代码
  1. match 'login' => 'session#new' 
match 'login' => 'session#new'

对于具名路由, rails2:


Ruby代码
  1. map.login 'login' , :controller => 'session' , :action => 'new' 
map.login 'login', :controller => 'session', :action => 'new'

在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. match 'login' => 'session#new' , :as => :login 
match 'login' => 'session#new', :as => :login

对于程序根路由, rails2:

ruby代码
  1. map.root:controller=> 'users' ,:action=> 'index' 
map.root :controller => 'users', :action => 'index'

rails3:

Ruby代码
  1. root :to => 'users#index' 
root :to => 'users#index'

对于遗留路由, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'
  2. map.connect':controller/:action/:id.:format' 
map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'
map.connect ':controller/:action/:id.:format'

那么在rails3中写法更优雅:


Ruby代码
  1. match ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))' 
match ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'

对于路由参数, rals2:

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' 
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index'

rails3:

Ruby代码
  1. match '/articles/:year/:month/:day' => "posts#index" 
match '/articles/:year/:month/:day' => "posts#index"

那么对于存档请求, 比如rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
  2. map.connect'/articles/:year/:month' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
  3. map.connect'/articles/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' 
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index'
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index'
map.connect '/articles/:year', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index'

在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. match '/articles(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => "posts#index" 
match '/articles(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => "posts#index"

指定请求方式, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect '/articles/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' ,
  2. :conditions =>{ :method => :get } 
map.connect '/articles/:year', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index',
:conditions => {:method => :get}

在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. match '/articles/:year' => "posts#index" , :via => :get
  2. #或者更简单的:
  3. get'/articles/:year' => "posts#index" 
match '/articles/:year' => "posts#index", :via => :get
#或者更简单的:
get '/articles/:year' => "posts#index"


对于跳转, rails3:

Ruby代码
  1. match 'signin' , :to =>redirect( "/login" )
  2. match'users/:name' , :to =>redirect{|params| "/#{params[:name]}" }
  3. match'google' =>redirect( 'http://www.google.com/' ) 
match 'signin', :to => redirect("/login")
match 'users/:name', :to => redirect {|params| "/#{params[:name]}" }
match 'google' => redirect('http://www.google.com/')

路由约束: rails2中实际上使用了 :requirements 符号

Ruby代码
  1. map.connect '/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' ,
  2. :requirements =>{ :year =>//d{4}/} 
map.connect '/:year', :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index',
                                    :requirements => { :year => //d{4}/ }

在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. match '/:year' => "posts#index" , :constraints =>{ :year =>//d{4}/} 
match '/:year' => "posts#index", :constraints => {:year => //d{4}/}
Ruby代码
  1. :constraints =>{ :user_agent =>/iphone/}
  2. :constraints =>{ :ip =>/192/.168/.1/./d{1,3}/}
  3. constraints(:host =>/localhost/) do
  4. resources:posts
  5. end
  6. constraintsIpRestrictordo
  7. get'admin/accounts' => "queenbee#accounts"
  8. end 
:constraints => { :user_agent => /iphone/ }
:constraints => { :ip => /192/.168/.1/./d{1,3}/ }
constraints(:host => /localhost/) do
    resources :posts
end
constraints IpRestrictor do
    get 'admin/accounts' => "queenbee#accounts"
end

对于Rack应用, rails3:

Ruby代码
  1. get 'hello' =>proc{|env|[200,{}, "HelloRack" ]}
  3. get'rack_endpoint' =>PostsController.action( :index )
  5. get'rack_app' =>CustomRackApp 
get 'hello' => proc { |env| [200, {}, "Hello Rack"] }

get 'rack_endpoint' => PostsController.action(:index)

get 'rack_app' => CustomRackApp

4. Bundler与ActionController

一个典型的rails应用, 我们一般需要在 environment.rb 指定你的 gems:

Ruby代码
  1. config.gem "haml"
  2. config.gem"chronic" , :version => '0.2.3' 
config.gem "haml"
config.gem "chronic", :version => '0.2.3'

然后我们运行 $ rake gems:install, 该命令会取得并下载然后安装编译这些gems到你的系统RubyGems目录中.

之后我们运行 $ rake gems:unpack:dependencise, 把这些gem打包到你应用程序的vendor/gems目录中去.

这样做产生的问题:

1. 它直接绑定到Rails中

2. 没有从本质上解决依赖问题

3. 运行时容易发生冲突

在rails3中, 使用了 bundle 命令:

直接在你的 gemfile 中指定你的 gem

Ruby代码
  1. gem "haml"
  2. gem"chronic" , '0.2.3' 
gem "haml"
gem "chronic", '0.2.3'

然后运行 $ bundle, 该命令会会取得并下载然后安装编译这些gems

然后运行 $ bundle package 把gem源移到/vendor/cache中去.

这样rails应用中的gem与系统中的gem就不会相冲突.

一般的控制器语法:

Ruby代码
  1. class UsersController<ApplicationController
  2. def index
  3. @users =User.all
  4. respond_todo |format|
  5. format.html
  6. format.xml{render:xml => @users .to_xml}
  7. end
  8. end
  10. def show
  11. @user =User.find(params[ :id ])
  12. respond_todo |format|
  13. format.html#show.html.erb
  14. format.xml{render:xml => @user }
  15. end
  16. end
  18. ... 
class UsersController < ApplicationController
    def index
        @users = User.all
        respond_to do |format|
            format.html
            format.xml { render :xml => @users.to_xml } 
        end
    end

    def show
        @user = User.find(params[:id])
        respond_to do |format|
            format.html # show.html.erb
            format.xml { render :xml => @user }
        end
    end

...

改进的语法:

Ruby代码
  1. class UsersController<ApplicationController
  2. respond_to:html , :xml , :json
  3. def index
  4. @users =User.all
  5. respond_with(@users )
  6. end
  7. def show
  8. @user =User.find(params[ :id ])
  9. respond_with(@user )
  10. end
  11. ... 
class UsersController < ApplicationController
    respond_to :html, :xml, :json
    def index
        @users = User.all
        respond_with(@users)
    end
    def show
        @user = User.find(params[:id])
        respond_with(@user)
    end
...

5. ActionMailer

rails2: $ script/generatemailerUserMailerwelcomeforgot_password

这将创建app/models/user_mailer.rb

那么在rails3中:$ railsgmailerUserMailerwelcomeforgot_password

这将创建app/mailers /user_mailer.rb

在实现部分, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. def welcome(user,subdomain)
  2. subject'WelcometoTestApp'
  3. recipientsuser.email
  4. from'admin@testapp.com'
  5. body:user =>user, :subdomain =>subdomain
  6. end 
def welcome(user, subdomain)
    subject 'Welcome to TestApp'
    recipients user.email
    from 'admin@testapp.com'
    body :user => user, :subdomain => subdomain
end
Ruby代码
  1. UserMailer.deliver_welcome(user,subdomain) 
UserMailer.deliver_welcome(user, subdomain)

在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. def welcome(user,subdomain)
  2. @user =user
  3. @subdomain =subdomain
  4. mail(:from => "admin@testapp.com" ,
  5. :to =>user.email,
  6. :subject => "WelcometoTestApp" )
  7. end 
def welcome(user, subdomain)
    @user = user
    @subdomain = subdomain
    mail(:from => "admin@testapp.com",
            :to => user.email,
            :subject => "Welcome to TestApp")
end
Ruby代码
  1. UserMailer.welcome(user,subdomain).deliver 
UserMailer.welcome(user, subdomain).deliver

相比rails2, 我们在rails3下实现一个mail要简单的多:

Ruby代码
  1. class UserMailer<ActionMailer::Base
  2. default:from => "admin@testapp.com" ,
  3. :reply_to => "noreply@testapp.com" ,
  4. "X-Time-Code" => Time .now.to_i.to_s
  5. def welcome(user,subdomain)
  6. @user =user
  7. @subdomain =subdomain
  8. attachments['test.pdf' ]= File .read( "#{Rails.root}/public/test.pdf" )
  9. mail(:to => @user .email, :subject => "WelcometoTestApp" ) do |format|
  10. format.html{render'other_html_welcome' }
  11. format.text{render'other_text_welcome' }
  12. end
  13. end
  14. end 
class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
    default :from => "admin@testapp.com",
                :reply_to => "noreply@testapp.com",
                "X-Time-Code" => Time.now.to_i.to_s
    def welcome(user, subdomain)
        @user = user
        @subdomain = subdomain
        attachments['test.pdf'] = File.read("#{Rails.root}/public/test.pdf")
        mail(:to => @user.email, :subject => "Welcome to TestApp") do |format|
            format.html { render 'other_html_welcome' }
            format.text { render 'other_text_welcome' }
        end
    end
end

6. ActiveRelation 以及 ActiveModel


在rails2中, 我们经常使用下面的方法来进行查询:

Ruby代码
  1. @posts =Post.find( :all , :conditions =>{ :published => true }) 
@posts = Post.find(:all, :conditions => {:published => true})

该方式将立即查询数据库然后返回Posts数组

而在rails3中:

Ruby代码
  1. @posts =Post.where( :published => true ) 
@posts = Post.where(:published => true)

该方法不会查询数据库, 仅仅返回一个 ActiveRecord::Relation 对象, 然后:

Ruby代码
  1. @posts =Post.where( :published => true )
  2. if params[ :order ]
  3. @posts = @posts .order(params[ :order ])
  4. end
  5. @posts . each do |p|
  6. ...#在这里进行查询,实现延迟加载
  7. end 
@posts = Post.where(:published => true)
if params[:order]
    @posts = @posts.order(params[:order])
end
@posts.each do |p|
    ...                 #在这里进行查询, 实现延迟加载
end

对于命名范围, 在rails2中:

Ruby代码
  1. class Post<ActiveRecord::Base
  2. default_scope:order => 'title'
  3. named_scope:published , :conditions =>{ :published => true }
  4. named_scope:unpublished , :conditions =>{ :published => false }
  5. end 
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    default_scope :order => 'title'
    named_scope :published, :conditions => {:published => true}
    named_scope :unpublished, :conditions => {:published => false}
end

而在rails3中:


Ruby代码
  1. class Post<ActiveRecord::Base
  2. default_scopeorder('title' )
  3. scope:published ,where( :published => true )
  4. scope:unpublished ,where( :published => false )
  5. end 
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    default_scope order('title')
    scope :published, where(:published => true)
    scope :unpublished, where(:published => false)
end

对于查找方法, rails2:

Ruby代码
  1. Post.find( :all , :conditions =>{ :author => "Joe" }, :includes => :comments , :order => "title" , :limit =>10)
  2. 在rails3:
Post.find(:all, :conditions => {:author => "Joe"}, :includes => :comments, :order => "title", :limit => 10)

Ruby代码
  1. Post.where( :author => "Joe" ).include( :comments ).order( :title ).limit(10).<strong><spanstyle= "font-size:medium;" >all</span></strong> 
Post.where(:author => "Joe").include(:comments).order(:title).limit(10).all

7. 跨站点脚本(XSS)

在rails2中, 一般我们输入一段文本的时候, 我们往往会这样写: <%= h @post.body %>

那么在rails3中, <%= @post.body %> 默认输出的是一段safe html, 如果想输出XSS, 可以在前面加上 raw

iteye_15032
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