《Inside C++ Object 》 阅读笔记(2),看《Inside C++ Object 》的作用

本文通过实际测试案例探讨了C++中对象布局、虚继承、类成员指针等概念的实际表现,揭示了不同编译器如g++和VS2005在优化策略上的差异。

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Inside C++ Object》 阅读笔记(2),看《Inside C++ Object 》的作用

write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) -- blog.youkuaiyun.com/vagrxie

因为你永远也不可能完全弄清楚C++在你背后做了多少工作,所以你永远都会需要sizeof来帮助你确认你的判断。我从刚开始学C++到现在sizeof是用的不断,直到现在读《Inside C++ Object》还是会碰到。简直是无语。呵呵,用了这么多次的sizeof,少说也是有点经验的:)其实还是用宏的奇技淫巧而已,不推荐广泛使用。

Inside C++ Object》中文版83面的虚继承问题,在我g++版本上跑的结果是

1 ,4,4,4

VS2005 SP1版本上跑的结果是1,4,4,8。说明g++在编译器的优化上比MS还是走的远一点。。。。MS的优化总是走一些偷懒的奇怪路线:)实打实的东西又不做。。。。。。。从VC5.0到现在好像还是没有进步。。。。(说的严重了,仅仅是这一点吧)

测试代码如下:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class X {};

class Y : public virtual X { };

class Z : public virtual X { };

class A : public virtual Z { };

#define test(_type) TestSize(sizeof(_type), #_type)

void TestSize(int aiSize, string astrType)

{

cout <<astrType <<" : " <<aiSize <<endl;

}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])

{

test(X);

test(Y);

test(Z);

test(A);

exit(0);

}

关于类成员指针的问题:

以下是我的测试源代码:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Plain Ol' Data

class CPoint3dPOD

{

public:

int x;

int y;

int z;

};

// Have vptr

class CPoint3dVir

{

public:

virtual ~CPoint3dVir();

int x;

int y;

int z;

};

class CPoint2dSD

{

public:

~CPoint2dSD() {}

int x;

int y;

};

// single Derived

class CPoint3dSD : public CPoint2dSD

{

public:

// ~CPoint3dSD() {}

int z;

};

// double

class CPoint1dDD

{

public:

int x;

};

class CPoint2dDD

{

public:

int y;

int z;

};

class CPoint3dDD : public CPoint1dDD,public CPoint2dDD

{

};

class CPoint3dVD : virtual public CPoint1dDD,virtual public CPoint2dDD

{

};

#define pt(_t) printf("&CPoint3d"#_t" = %p/n", &CPoint3d##_t)

int main(int , char* argv[])

{

pt(POD::x);

pt(POD::y);

pt(POD::z);

pt(Vir::x);

pt(Vir::y);

pt(Vir::z);

pt(SD::x);

pt(SD::y);

pt(SD::z);

pt(DD::x);

pt(DD::y);

pt(DD::z);

pt(VD::x);

pt(VD::y);

pt(VD::z);

exit(0);

}

G++中结果如下

&CPoint3dPOD::x = (nil)

&CPoint3dPOD::y = 0x4

&CPoint3dPOD::z = 0x8

&CPoint3dVir::x = 0x4

&CPoint3dVir::y = 0x8

&CPoint3dVir::z = 0xc

&CPoint3dSD::x = (nil)

&CPoint3dSD::y = 0x4

&CPoint3dSD::z = 0x8

&CPoint3dDD::x = (nil)

&CPoint3dDD::y = (nil)

&CPoint3dDD::z = 0x4

&CPoint3dVD::x = (nil)

&CPoint3dVD::y = (nil)

&CPoint3dVD::z = 0x4

结果有些有点意外,其一,单继承时有无虚表竟然不影响。多重继承xy全为0等和书上不一样。

其实我在VS2005中可以将测试程序做的更简单。。。。好像g++中不支持宏扩展后的再扩展。。。。不知道是不是VS2005超标准了。。。或者说不符合标准

类定义同上,测试代码如下:

#define pt(_x) printf("&"#_x" = %p/n", &##_x)

#define pt3(_x) pt(CPoint3d##_x::x);/

pt(CPoint3d##_x::y);/

pt(CPoint3d##_x::z);

int main(int argc, char* argv[])

{

pt3(POD);

pt3(Vir);

pt3(SD);

pt3(DD);

pt3(VD);

exit(0);

}

结果和g++完全一致,这里就不贴图了。。。因为好像不好copy.

最后总结一下看此书的作用,首先的确是对C++有了更多的认识,说到到底是哪些认识可能一下又说不清楚:)

首先这里谈几点以前我忽视了的C++的语法问题吧:

<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->dynamic_cast转换引用的问题,这点我C++ Primer中虽然有,但是其实一直没有注意到。

<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->placement new的语法,以前还真不知道。看了此书后知道了,这点对我很带有帮助。。。因为接下来的工作做内存管理的时候正好碰到了,我一点也没有惊讶:)

<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->直接以类似={a,b,c}的方式为一个类赋初值。。。这个语法我以前一直以为只能在PODstruct下用。。。结果就算这个类有虚函数,也照用不误。

<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->上述的成员对象的指针的问题。。。。

其次,关于几个概念性的知识:

<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->NRV优化:)

<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->PODtrivial constructor,deconstructor,copy constructor等的相关概念,及什么时候它们是trivial的,虽然以前有点肤浅的认识,但是看了此书后认识的更加深刻了,并且,因为侯捷的翻译,说时候,懂了这几个单词。。。对我帮助很大,因为最近正在看的《STL 源码剖析》中的前几章,关于trait机制的部分,没有这些知识,估计都看不下去。

<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->类成员变量,包括继承,多重继承,虚继承等的效率认识

<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]-->引用的临时变量生命周期,可以一直维持到引用失效。。。这点我一直没有认识到。这也是我见到的唯一一个引用与指针效果有很大差异的地方。

<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]-->异常机制带来的性能消耗及异常抛出对象是复制过的,重新抛出的也是原有对象。

<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->这点可能对于编程的帮助不是太大,但是确实本书的主题。。。对于C++的对象布局有个整体的认识了。。。呵呵,也许假如可能maybe以后学COM之类的东西有用吧。

write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) -- blog.youkuaiyun.com/vagrxie

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