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《Inside C++ Object》 阅读笔记(2),看《Inside C++ Object 》的作用
write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) --
blog.youkuaiyun.com/vagrxie
因为你永远也不可能完全弄清楚C++在你背后做了多少工作,所以你永远都会需要sizeof来帮助你确认你的判断。我从刚开始学C++到现在sizeof是用的不断,直到现在读《Inside C++ Object》还是会碰到。简直是无语。呵呵,用了这么多次的sizeof,少说也是有点经验的:)其实还是用宏的奇技淫巧而已,不推荐广泛使用。
《Inside C++ Object》中文版83面的虚继承问题,在我g++版本上跑的结果是
1 ,4,4,4
在VS2005 SP1版本上跑的结果是1,4,4,8。说明g++在编译器的优化上比MS还是走的远一点。。。。MS的优化总是走一些偷懒的奇怪路线:)实打实的东西又不做。。。。。。。从VC5.0到现在好像还是没有进步。。。。(说的严重了,仅仅是这一点吧)
测试代码如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class X {};
class Y : public virtual X { };
class Z : public virtual X { };
class A : public virtual Z { };
#define test(_type) TestSize(sizeof(_type), #_type)
void TestSize(int aiSize, string astrType)
{
cout <<astrType <<"
: " <<aiSize <<endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test(X);
test(Y);
test(Z);
test(A);
exit(0);
}
关于类成员指针的问题:
以下是我的测试源代码:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Plain
Ol' Data
class CPoint3dPOD
{
public:
int x;
int y;
int z;
};
// Have
vptr
class CPoint3dVir
{
public:
virtual ~CPoint3dVir();
int x;
int y;
int z;
};
class CPoint2dSD
{
public:
~CPoint2dSD() {}
int x;
int y;
};
// single
Derived
class CPoint3dSD : public CPoint2dSD
{
public:
// ~CPoint3dSD() {}
int z;
};
// double
class CPoint1dDD
{
public:
int x;
};
class CPoint2dDD
{
public:
int y;
int z;
};
class CPoint3dDD : public CPoint1dDD,public CPoint2dDD
{
};
class CPoint3dVD : virtual public CPoint1dDD,virtual
public CPoint2dDD
{
};
#define pt(_t) printf("&CPoint3d"#_t" = %p/n", &CPoint3d##_t)
int main(int , char* argv[])
{
pt(POD::x);
pt(POD::y);
pt(POD::z);
pt(Vir::x);
pt(Vir::y);
pt(Vir::z);
pt(SD::x);
pt(SD::y);
pt(SD::z);
pt(DD::x);
pt(DD::y);
pt(DD::z);
pt(VD::x);
pt(VD::y);
pt(VD::z);
exit(0);
}
G++中结果如下
&CPoint3dPOD::x
= (nil)
&CPoint3dPOD::y
= 0x4
&CPoint3dPOD::z
= 0x8
&CPoint3dVir::x
= 0x4
&CPoint3dVir::y
= 0x8
&CPoint3dVir::z
= 0xc
&CPoint3dSD::x
= (nil)
&CPoint3dSD::y
= 0x4
&CPoint3dSD::z
= 0x8
&CPoint3dDD::x
= (nil)
&CPoint3dDD::y
= (nil)
&CPoint3dDD::z
= 0x4
&CPoint3dVD::x
= (nil)
&CPoint3dVD::y
= (nil)
&CPoint3dVD::z
= 0x4
结果有些有点意外,其一,单继承时有无虚表竟然不影响。多重继承x,y全为0等和书上不一样。
其实我在VS2005中可以将测试程序做的更简单。。。。好像g++中不支持宏扩展后的再扩展。。。。不知道是不是VS2005超标准了。。。或者说不符合标准
类定义同上,测试代码如下:
#define pt(_x) printf("&"#_x" = %p/n", &##_x)
#define pt3(_x) pt(CPoint3d##_x::x);/
pt(CPoint3d##_x::y);/
pt(CPoint3d##_x::z);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
pt3(POD);
pt3(Vir);
pt3(SD);
pt3(DD);
pt3(VD);
exit(0);
}
结果和g++完全一致,这里就不贴图了。。。因为好像不好copy.
最后总结一下看此书的作用,首先的确是对C++有了更多的认识,说到到底是哪些认识可能一下又说不清楚:)
首先这里谈几点以前我忽视了的C++的语法问题吧:
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.
<!--[endif]-->dynamic_cast转换引用的问题,这点我C++ Primer中虽然有,但是其实一直没有注意到。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.
<!--[endif]-->placement new的语法,以前还真不知道。看了此书后知道了,这点对我很带有帮助。。。因为接下来的工作做内存管理的时候正好碰到了,我一点也没有惊讶:)
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.
<!--[endif]-->直接以类似={a,b,c}的方式为一个类赋初值。。。这个语法我以前一直以为只能在POD的struct下用。。。结果就算这个类有虚函数,也照用不误。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.
<!--[endif]-->上述的成员对象的指针的问题。。。。
其次,关于几个概念性的知识:
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.
<!--[endif]-->NRV优化:)
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.
<!--[endif]-->POD和trivial constructor,deconstructor,copy constructor等的相关概念,及什么时候它们是trivial的,虽然以前有点肤浅的认识,但是看了此书后认识的更加深刻了,并且,因为侯捷的翻译,说时候,懂了这几个单词。。。对我帮助很大,因为最近正在看的《STL 源码剖析》中的前几章,关于trait机制的部分,没有这些知识,估计都看不下去。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.
<!--[endif]-->类成员变量,包括继承,多重继承,虚继承等的效率认识
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.
<!--[endif]-->引用的临时变量生命周期,可以一直维持到引用失效。。。这点我一直没有认识到。这也是我见到的唯一一个引用与指针效果有很大差异的地方。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.
<!--[endif]-->异常机制带来的性能消耗及异常抛出对象是复制过的,重新抛出的也是原有对象。
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.
<!--[endif]-->这点可能对于编程的帮助不是太大,但是确实本书的主题。。。对于C++的对象布局有个整体的认识了。。。呵呵,也许假如可能maybe以后学COM之类的东西有用吧。
write by 九天雁翎(JTianLing) --
blog.youkuaiyun.com/vagrxie