LRU缓存介绍与实现(Java)

引子:

我们平时总会有一个电话本记录所有朋友的电话,但是,如果有朋友经常联系,那些朋友的电话号码不用翻电话本我们也能记住,但是,如果长时间没有联系了,要再次联系那位朋友的时候,我们又不得不求助电话本,但是,通过电话本查找还是很费时间的。但是,我们大脑能够记住的东西是一定的,我们只能记住自己最熟悉的,而长时间不熟悉的自然就忘记了。

其实,计算机也用到了同样的一个概念,我们用缓存来存放以前读取的数据,而不是直接丢掉,这样,再次读取的时候,可以直接在缓存里面取,而不用再重新查找一遍,这样系统的反应能力会有很大提高。但是,当我们读取的个数特别大的时候,我们不可能把所有已经读取的数据都放在缓存里,毕竟内存大小是一定的,我们一般把最近常读取的放在缓存里(相当于我们把最近联系的朋友的姓名和电话放在大脑里一样)。现在,我们就来研究这样一种缓存机制。

LRU缓存:

LRU缓存利用了这样的一种思想。LRU是Least Recently Used 的缩写,翻译过来就是“最近最少使用”,也就是说,LRU缓存把最近最少使用的数据移除,让给最新读取的数据。而往往最常读取的,也是读取次数最多的,所以,利用LRU缓存,我们能够提高系统的performance.

实现:

要实现LRU缓存,我们首先要用到一个类LinkedHashMap。 用这个类有两大好处:一是它本身已经实现了按照访问顺序的存储,也就是说,最近读取的会放在最前面,最最不常读取的会放在最后(当然,它也可以实现按照插入顺序存储)。第二,LinkedHashMap本身有一个方法用于判断是否需要移除最不常读取的数,但是,原始方法默认不需要移除(这是,LinkedHashMap相当于一个linkedlist),所以,我们需要override这样一个方法,使得当缓存里存放的数据个数超过规定个数后,就把最不常用的移除掉。LinkedHashMap的API写得很清楚,推荐大家可以先读一下。

要基于LinkedHashMap来实现LRU缓存,我们可以选择inheritance, 也可以选择 delegation, 我更喜欢delegation。基于delegation的实现已经有人写出来了,而且写得很漂亮,我就不班门弄斧了。代码如下:

import java.util.LinkedHashMap; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.Map; import java.util.ArrayList; /** * An LRU cache, based on <code>LinkedHashMap</code>. * * <p> * This cache has a fixed maximum number of elements (<code>cacheSize</code>). * If the cache is full and another entry is added, the LRU (least recently used) entry is dropped. * * <p> * This class is thread-safe. All methods of this class are synchronized. * * <p> * Author: Christian d'Heureuse, Inventec Informatik AG, Zurich, Switzerland<br> * Multi-licensed: EPL / LGPL / GPL / AL / BSD. */ public class LRUCache<K,V> { private static final float hashTableLoadFactor = 0.75f; private LinkedHashMap<K,V> map; private int cacheSize; /** * Creates a new LRU cache. * @param cacheSize the maximum number of entries that will be kept in this cache. */ public LRUCache (int cacheSize) { this.cacheSize = cacheSize; int hashTableCapacity = (int)Math.ceil(cacheSize / hashTableLoadFactor) + 1; map = new LinkedHashMap<K,V>(hashTableCapacity, hashTableLoadFactor, true) { // (an anonymous inner class) private static final long serialVersionUID = 1; @Override protected boolean removeEldestEntry (Map.Entry<K,V> eldest) { return size() > LRUCache.this.cacheSize; }}; } /** * Retrieves an entry from the cache.<br> * The retrieved entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry. * @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned. * @return the value associated to this key, or null if no value with this key exists in the cache. */ public synchronized V get (K key) { return map.get(key); } /** * Adds an entry to this cache. * The new entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry. * If an entry with the specified key already exists in the cache, it is replaced by the new entry. * If the cache is full, the LRU (least recently used) entry is removed from the cache. * @param key the key with which the specified value is to be associated. * @param value a value to be associated with the specified key. */ public synchronized void put (K key, V value) { map.put (key, value); } /** * Clears the cache. */ public synchronized void clear() { map.clear(); } /** * Returns the number of used entries in the cache. * @return the number of entries currently in the cache. */ public synchronized int usedEntries() { return map.size(); } /** * Returns a <code>Collection</code> that contains a copy of all cache entries. * @return a <code>Collection</code> with a copy of the cache content. */ public synchronized Collection<Map.Entry<K,V>> getAll() { return new ArrayList<Map.Entry<K,V>>(map.entrySet()); } } // end class LRUCache ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // Test routine for the LRUCache class. public static void main (String[] args) { LRUCache<String,String> c = new LRUCache<String, String>(3); c.put ("1", "one"); // 1 c.put ("2", "two"); // 2 1 c.put ("3", "three"); // 3 2 1 c.put ("4", "four"); // 4 3 2 if (c.get("2") == null) throw new Error(); // 2 4 3 c.put ("5", "five"); // 5 2 4 c.put ("4", "second four"); // 4 5 2 // Verify cache content. if (c.usedEntries() != 3) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("4").equals("second four")) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("5").equals("five")) throw new Error(); if (!c.get("2").equals("two")) throw new Error(); // List cache content. for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : c.getAll()) System.out.println (e.getKey() + " : " + e.getValue()); }
代码出自: http://www.source-code.biz/snippets/java/6.htm

下面有一个是用inheritance实现的,也贴出来。

LRULinkedHashMap   package com.xiaoc.cache;   import java.util.LinkedHashMap;   import java.util.Map.Entry;   /**   * Least Recently Used LinkedHashMap based on LinkedHashMap   * @author wenchang872   * */   public class LRULinkedHashMap extends LinkedHashMap {   private static final long serialVersionUID = -1468138250444907129L;   private int maxCapacity;//max amount of key-value pairs   private static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;   public LRULinkedHashMap(int maxCapacity) {   super(maxCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, true);   this.maxCapacity = maxCapacity;   }   /**   * remove the oldest element when size becomes larger than maxCapacity   *   * */   @Override   protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Entry eldest) {   return size() > this.maxCapacity;   }   }   BaseCache 基础缓存类,实际上是对LRULinkedHashMap添加同步包装, 并且只暴露需要的方法   get/put/cleanUp/toString   package com.xiaoc.cache;   import java.util.Collections;   import java.util.Map;   /**   * A Simple LRU Cache based on LRULinkedHashMap   * @author wenchang872   * */   public class BaseCache {   private Map cache = null;   private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 64;   public BaseCache(int capacity) {   //the cache should be synchronized   cache = Collections.synchronizedMap(new LRULinkedHashMap(capacity));   }   public BaseCache(){   this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);   }   public void put(Object key, Object value) {   cache.put(key, value);   }   public Object get(Object key) {   return cache.get(key);   }   public void cleanUp() {   cache.clear();   }   public String toString() {   return cache.toString();   }   }   使用   /**   * useage:   * BaseCache cache = new BaseCache(1024);   * cache.get();   * cache.put(K,V);   * cache.cleanUp();   */
代码出自:http://www.qqread.com/java/2010/10/w496122.html





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