/**
 * Nginx全局变量cycle
 */
struct ngx_cycle_s {
    void                  ****conf_ctx; /* 配置文件 上下文的数组，每个模块的配置信息*/
    ngx_pool_t               *pool;	/* 内存池地址 */

    ngx_log_t                *log;	/* 日志 */
    ngx_log_t                 new_log;

    ngx_uint_t                log_use_stderr;  /* unsigned  log_use_stderr:1; */

    ngx_connection_t        **files;	/* 连接文件句柄 */
    ngx_connection_t         *free_connections;	/* 空闲连接 */
    ngx_uint_t                free_connection_n;/* 空闲连接个数 */

    ngx_module_t            **modules;	/* 模块数组 */
    ngx_uint_t                modules_n;	/* 模块个数 */
    ngx_uint_t                modules_used;    /* unsigned  modules_used:1; */

    ngx_queue_t               reusable_connections_queue;

    ngx_array_t               listening;	/* 监听数组 */
    ngx_array_t               paths;		/* 路径数组 */
    ngx_array_t               config_dump;
    ngx_list_t                open_files;	/* 打开的文件 */
    ngx_list_t                shared_memory;/* 共享内存链表*/

    ngx_uint_t                connection_n;	/* 连接的个数*/
    ngx_uint_t                files_n;	/* 打开文件的个数 */

    ngx_connection_t         *connections;	/* 连接事件*/
    ngx_event_t              *read_events;	/* 读取事件*/
    ngx_event_t              *write_events; /* 写入事件*/

    ngx_cycle_t              *old_cycle;

    ngx_str_t                 conf_file;	/* 配置文件 */
    ngx_str_t                 conf_param;	/* 配置参数 */
    ngx_str_t                 conf_prefix;	/* 配置文件前缀*/
    ngx_str_t                 prefix;	/* 前缀*/
    ngx_str_t                 lock_file;	/* 锁文件*/
    ngx_str_t                 hostname;	/* 主机名称*/
};

2. ngx_core_conf_t的数据结构

ngx_code_conf_t的数据结构主要用于装在Nginx的nginx.conf的核心配置文件的参数。后面我们会具体讲解配置文件nginx.conf的解析过程以及和模块。

/**
 * 核心配置文件信息
 * 对应nginx.conf的
 * #user  nobody;
	worker_processes  1;

	#error_log  logs/error.log;
	#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
	#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

	#pid        logs/nginx.pid;
 */
typedef struct {
    ngx_flag_t                daemon;
    ngx_flag_t                master;

    ngx_msec_t                timer_resolution;

    ngx_int_t                 worker_processes;
    ngx_int_t                 debug_points;

    ngx_int_t                 rlimit_nofile;
    off_t                     rlimit_core;

    int                       priority;

    ngx_uint_t                cpu_affinity_auto;
    ngx_uint_t                cpu_affinity_n;
    ngx_cpuset_t             *cpu_affinity;

    char                     *username;
    ngx_uid_t                 user;
    ngx_gid_t                 group;

    ngx_str_t                 working_directory;
    ngx_str_t                 lock_file;

    ngx_str_t                 pid;
    ngx_str_t                 oldpid;

    ngx_array_t               env;
    char                    **environment;
} ngx_core_conf_t;

二、初始化过程

1. 创建一个内存池。

后续所有的内存都会被分配到这个内存池上面。

    /* 创建一块内存 */
    pool = ngx_create_pool(NGX_CYCLE_POOL_SIZE, log);
    if (pool == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    pool->log = log;

    cycle = ngx_pcalloc(pool, sizeof(ngx_cycle_t));
    if (cycle == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

    cycle->pool = pool;
    cycle->log = log;
    cycle->old_cycle = old_cycle;

2. 拷贝配置文件的路径前缀（/usr/local/nginx）

主要拷贝到 cycle->conf_prefix

    /* 配置文件路径拷贝 /usr/local/nginx/ */
    cycle->conf_prefix.len = old_cycle->conf_prefix.len;
    cycle->conf_prefix.data = ngx_pstrdup(pool, &old_cycle->conf_prefix);
    if (cycle->conf_prefix.data == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

3. Nginx的路径前缀拷贝

拷贝到cycle->prefix

    /* Nginx路径拷贝 */
    cycle->prefix.len = old_cycle->prefix.len;
    cycle->prefix.data = ngx_pstrdup(pool, &old_cycle->prefix);
    if (cycle->prefix.data == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

4. 拷贝配置文件信息

/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 文件路径

    /* 配置文件 信息拷贝*/
    cycle->conf_file.len = old_cycle->conf_file.len;
    cycle->conf_file.data = ngx_pnalloc(pool, old_cycle->conf_file.len + 1);
    if (cycle->conf_file.data == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }
    ngx_cpystrn(cycle->conf_file.data, old_cycle->conf_file.data,
                old_cycle->conf_file.len + 1);

5. 拷贝配置参数信息

    /* 配置参数 信息拷贝 */
    cycle->conf_param.len = old_cycle->conf_param.len;
    cycle->conf_param.data = ngx_pstrdup(pool, &old_cycle->conf_param);
    if (cycle->conf_param.data == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

6. 路径信息初始化

    /* 路径信息 */
    n = old_cycle->paths.nelts ? old_cycle->paths.nelts : 10;

    cycle->paths.elts = ngx_pcalloc(pool, n * sizeof(ngx_path_t *));
    if (cycle->paths.elts == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

    cycle->paths.nelts = 0;
    cycle->paths.size = sizeof(ngx_path_t *);
    cycle->paths.nalloc = n;
    cycle->paths.pool = pool;


    if (ngx_array_init(&cycle->config_dump, pool, 1, sizeof(ngx_conf_dump_t))
        != NGX_OK)
    {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

7. 初始化打开的文件句柄

    /* 初始化打开的文件句柄 */
    if (old_cycle->open_files.part.nelts) {
        n = old_cycle->open_files.part.nelts;
        for (part = old_cycle->open_files.part.next; part; part = part->next) {
            n += part->nelts;
        }

    } else {
        n = 20;
    }

    if (ngx_list_init(&cycle->open_files, pool, n, sizeof(ngx_open_file_t))
        != NGX_OK)
    {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

8. 初始化shared_memory链表

    /* 初始化shared_memory链表 */
    if (old_cycle->shared_memory.part.nelts) {
        n = old_cycle->shared_memory.part.nelts;
        for (part = old_cycle->shared_memory.part.next; part; part = part->next)
        {
            n += part->nelts;
        }

    } else {
        n = 1;
    }

    if (ngx_list_init(&cycle->shared_memory, pool, n, sizeof(ngx_shm_zone_t))
        != NGX_OK)
    {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

9. 初始化listening数组

    /* 初始化listening */
    n = old_cycle->listening.nelts ? old_cycle->listening.nelts : 10;

    cycle->listening.elts = ngx_pcalloc(pool, n * sizeof(ngx_listening_t));
    if (cycle->listening.elts == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

    cycle->listening.nelts = 0;
    cycle->listening.size = sizeof(ngx_listening_t);
    cycle->listening.nalloc = n;
    cycle->listening.pool = pool;

10. 模块创建和核心配置结构初始化ngx_core_conf_t

主要初始化cycle->modules
创建核心配置结构，Nginx的核心配置会放到ngx_core_conf_t *ccf数据结构上
初始化核心配置结构ngx_core_conf_t *

 /* 创建模块以及创建模块的配置信息 */
    if (ngx_cycle_modules(cycle) != NGX_OK) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

    /*
     * 核心模块的配置文件创建
     * 配置创建调用nginx.c 中的 ngx_core_module_create_conf
     * */
    for (i = 0; cycle->modules[i]; i++) {
        if (cycle->modules[i]->type != NGX_CORE_MODULE) {
            continue;
        }

        module = cycle->modules[i]->ctx;

        if (module->create_conf) {
            rv = module->create_conf(cycle); //模块回调函数，创建模块的配置信息
            if (rv == NULL) {
                ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
                return NULL;
            }
            cycle->conf_ctx[cycle->modules[i]->index] = rv; //配置文件复制
        }
    }

    /* 获取核心配置文件的数据结构 ngx_core_conf_t */
    ccf = (ngx_core_conf_t *) ngx_get_conf(cycle->conf_ctx, ngx_core_module);

11. 配置文件nginx.conf解析

配置文件解析会在下章中详细解读。

  /* 解析配置文件 */
    ngx_memzero(&conf, sizeof(ngx_conf_t));
    /* STUB: init array ? */
    conf.args = ngx_array_create(pool, 10, sizeof(ngx_str_t));
    if (conf.args == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }

    /* 创建一个临时的内存池，后面会清空掉;conf也主要用于解析配置文件的临时变量 */
    conf.temp_pool = ngx_create_pool(NGX_CYCLE_POOL_SIZE, log);
    if (conf.temp_pool == NULL) {
        ngx_destroy_pool(pool);
        return NULL;
    }


    conf.ctx = cycle->conf_ctx;
    conf.cycle = cycle;
    conf.pool = pool;
    conf.log = log;
    conf.module_type = NGX_CORE_MODULE;
    conf.cmd_type = NGX_MAIN_CONF;

#if 0
    log->log_level = NGX_LOG_DEBUG_ALL;
#endif

    /* 解析命令行中的配置参数；例如：nginx -t -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf */
    if (ngx_conf_param(&conf) != NGX_CONF_OK) {
        environ = senv;
        ngx_destroy_cycle_pools(&conf);
        return NULL;
    }

    /* 解析配置文件/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 信息 */
    if (ngx_conf_parse(&conf, &cycle->conf_file) != NGX_CONF_OK) {
        environ = senv;
        ngx_destroy_cycle_pools(&conf);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (ngx_test_config && !ngx_quiet_mode) {
        ngx_log_stderr(0, "the configuration file %s syntax is ok",
                       cycle->conf_file.data);
    }

12. 创建PID文件

Nginx将PID写入文件内，/usr/local/nginx-1.4.7/nginx.pid，后续对Nginx进行重启、停止、信号操作就可以使用这个PID了。

 /* 创建pid文件，/usr/local/nginx-1.4.7/nginx.pid*/
    if (ngx_test_config) {

        if (ngx_create_pidfile(&ccf->pid, log) != NGX_OK) {
            goto failed;
        }

    } else if (!ngx_is_init_cycle(old_cycle)) {

        /*
         * we do not create the pid file in the first ngx_init_cycle() call
         * because we need to write the demonized process pid
         */

        old_ccf = (ngx_core_conf_t *) ngx_get_conf(old_cycle->conf_ctx,
                                                   ngx_core_module);
        if (ccf->pid.len != old_ccf->pid.len
            || ngx_strcmp(ccf->pid.data, old_ccf->pid.data) != 0)
        {
            /* new pid file name */

            if (ngx_create_pidfile(&ccf->pid, log) != NGX_OK) {
                goto failed;
            }

            ngx_delete_pidfile(old_cycle);
        }
    }

13. 遍历cycle->open_files链表中的文件，并且打开

cycle->open_file主要是在ngx_conf_open_file这个方法里面放入文件路径，然后下面去打开文件。

主要是日志文件和配置文件。

    /* 打开日志，并调用ngx_conf_open_file方法，会将打开的文件放到cycle->open_files链表中 主要是日志文件和配置文件*/
    if (ngx_log_open_default(cycle) != NGX_OK) {
        goto failed;
    }

    /* 遍历cycle->open_files链表中的文件，并打开 */
    part = &cycle->open_files.part;
    file = part->elts;

    for (i = 0; /* void */ ; i++) {

        if (i >= part->nelts) {
            if (part->next == NULL) {
                break;
            }
            part = part->next;
            file = part->elts;
            i = 0;
        }

        if (file[i].name.len == 0) {
            continue;
        }

        file[i].fd = ngx_open_file(file[i].name.data,
                                   NGX_FILE_APPEND,
                                   NGX_FILE_CREATE_OR_OPEN,
                                   NGX_FILE_DEFAULT_ACCESS);

        ngx_log_debug3(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_CORE, log, 0,
                       "log: %p %d \"%s\"",
                       &file[i], file[i].fd, file[i].name.data);

        if (file[i].fd == NGX_INVALID_FILE) {
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, log, ngx_errno,
                          ngx_open_file_n " \"%s\" failed",
                          file[i].name.data);
            goto failed;
        }

#if !(NGX_WIN32)
        if (fcntl(file[i].fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1) {
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, log, ngx_errno,
                          "fcntl(FD_CLOEXEC) \"%s\" failed",
                          file[i].name.data);
            goto failed;
        }
#endif
    }

14. 创建共享内存并初始化

新旧shared_memory链表的比较，相同的共享内存保留，旧的不同的共享内存被释放，新的被创建

   /* 创建共享内存并初始化 */
    part = &cycle->shared_memory.part;
    shm_zone = part->elts;

    for (i = 0; /* void */ ; i++) {

        if (i >= part->nelts) {
            if (part->next == NULL) {
                break;
            }
            part = part->next;
            shm_zone = part->elts;
            i = 0;
        }

        if (shm_zone[i].shm.size == 0) {
            ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_EMERG, log, 0,
                          "zero size shared memory zone \"%V\"",
                          &shm_zone[i].shm.name);
            goto failed;
        }

        shm_zone[i].shm.log = cycle->log;

        opart = &old_cycle->shared_memory.part;
        oshm_zone = opart->elts;

        for (n = 0; /* void */ ; n++) {

            if (n >= opart->nelts) {
                if (opart->next == NULL) {
                    break;
                }
                opart = opart->next;
                oshm_zone = opart->elts;
                n = 0;
            }

            if (shm_zone[i].shm.name.len != oshm_zone[n].shm.name.len) {
                continue;
            }

            if (ngx_strncmp(shm_zone[i].shm.name.data,
                            oshm_zone[n].shm.name.data,
                            shm_zone[i].shm.name.len)
                != 0)
            {
                continue;
            }

            if (shm_zone[i].tag == oshm_zone[n].tag
                && shm_zone[i].shm.size == oshm_zone[n].shm.size
                && !shm_zone[i].noreuse)
            {
                shm_zone[i].shm.addr = oshm_zone[n].shm.addr;
#if (NGX_WIN32)
                shm_zone[i].shm.handle = oshm_zone[n].shm.handle;
#endif

                if (shm_zone[i].init(&shm_zone[i], oshm_zone[n].data)
                    != NGX_OK)
                {
                    goto failed;
                }

                goto shm_zone_found;
            }

            ngx_shm_free(&oshm_zone[n].shm);

            break;
        }

15. 处理listening数组，并开始监听socket

  /* handle the listening sockets */
    /* 处理listening数组，并开始监听socket */
    if (old_cycle->listening.nelts) {
        ls = old_cycle->listening.elts;
        for (i = 0; i < old_cycle->listening.nelts; i++) {
            ls[i].remain = 0;
        }

        nls = cycle->listening.elts;
        for (n = 0; n < cycle->listening.nelts; n++) {

            for (i = 0; i < old_cycle->listening.nelts; i++) {
                if (ls[i].ignore) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (ls[i].remain) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (ls[i].type != nls[n].type) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (ngx_cmp_sockaddr(nls[n].sockaddr, nls[n].socklen,
                                     ls[i].sockaddr, ls[i].socklen, 1)
                    == NGX_OK)
                {
                    nls[n].fd = ls[i].fd;
                    nls[n].previous = &ls[i];
                    ls[i].remain = 1;

                    if (ls[i].backlog != nls[n].backlog) {
                        nls[n].listen = 1;
                    }

#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined SO_ACCEPTFILTER)

                    /*
                     * FreeBSD, except the most recent versions,
                     * could not remove accept filter
                     */
                    nls[n].deferred_accept = ls[i].deferred_accept;

                    if (ls[i].accept_filter && nls[n].accept_filter) {
                        if (ngx_strcmp(ls[i].accept_filter,
                                       nls[n].accept_filter)
                            != 0)
                        {
                            nls[n].delete_deferred = 1;
                            nls[n].add_deferred = 1;
                        }

                    } else if (ls[i].accept_filter) {
                        nls[n].delete_deferred = 1;

                    } else if (nls[n].accept_filter) {
                        nls[n].add_deferred = 1;
                    }
#endif

#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT)

                    if (ls[i].deferred_accept && !nls[n].deferred_accept) {
                        nls[n].delete_deferred = 1;

                    } else if (ls[i].deferred_accept != nls[n].deferred_accept)
                    {
                        nls[n].add_deferred = 1;
                    }
#endif

#if (NGX_HAVE_REUSEPORT)
                    if (nls[n].reuseport && !ls[i].reuseport) {
                        nls[n].add_reuseport = 1;
                    }
#endif

                    break;
                }
            }

            if (nls[n].fd == (ngx_socket_t) -1) {
                nls[n].open = 1;
#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined SO_ACCEPTFILTER)
                if (nls[n].accept_filter) {
                    nls[n].add_deferred = 1;
                }
#endif
#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT)
                if (nls[n].deferred_accept) {
                    nls[n].add_deferred = 1;
                }
#endif
            }
        }

    } else {
        ls = cycle->listening.elts;
        for (i = 0; i < cycle->listening.nelts; i++) {
            ls[i].open = 1;
#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined SO_ACCEPTFILTER)
            if (ls[i].accept_filter) {
                ls[i].add_deferred = 1;
            }
#endif
#if (NGX_HAVE_DEFERRED_ACCEPT && defined TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT)
            if (ls[i].deferred_accept) {
                ls[i].add_deferred = 1;
            }
#endif
        }
    }

    if (ngx_open_listening_sockets(cycle) != NGX_OK) {
        goto failed;
    }

    if (!ngx_test_config) {
        ngx_configure_listening_sockets(cycle);
    }

16. 关闭或删除残留在old_cycle中的资源

释放多余的共享内存;
关闭多余的侦听sockets;
关闭多余的打开文件

 /* close and delete stuff that lefts from an old cycle */

    /* free the unnecessary shared memory */
    /* 关闭或删除残留在old_cycle中的资源 释放多余的共享内存;关闭多余的侦听sockets;关闭多余的打开文件*/
    opart = &old_cycle->shared_memory.part;
    oshm_zone = opart->elts;

    for (i = 0; /* void */ ; i++) {

        if (i >= opart->nelts) {
            if (opart->next == NULL) {
                goto old_shm_zone_done;
            }
            opart = opart->next;
            oshm_zone = opart->elts;
            i = 0;
        }

        part = &cycle->shared_memory.part;
        shm_zone = part->elts;

        for (n = 0; /* void */ ; n++) {

            if (n >= part->nelts) {
                if (part->next == NULL) {
                    break;
                }
                part = part->next;
                shm_zone = part->elts;
                n = 0;
            }

            if (oshm_zone[i].shm.name.len == shm_zone[n].shm.name.len
                && ngx_strncmp(oshm_zone[i].shm.name.data,
                               shm_zone[n].shm.name.data,
                               oshm_zone[i].shm.name.len)
                == 0)
            {
                goto live_shm_zone;
            }
        }

        ngx_shm_free(&oshm_zone[i].shm);