docker筑基篇-01-docker基础命令及常用选项

最新推荐文章于 2025-02-08 15:16:55 发布

hylexus

最新推荐文章于 2025-02-08 15:16:55 发布

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分类专栏： docker-筑基篇文章标签： docker docker基础命令 run

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/hylexus/article/details/52835655

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本文详细介绍了Docker的基础命令，包括info、version、ps、inspect、rm等，并提供了多个示例帮助理解如何使用这些命令进行容器的管理和操作。

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docker 基础命令
run命令

1 docker 基础命令

info | version

# 查看docker总体信息
[root@h1 ~]# docker info
Containers: 1
Images: 42
Storage Driver: devicemapper
 Pool Name: docker-253:0-395232-pool
 Pool Blocksize: 65.54 kB
 Backing Filesystem: extfs
 Data file: /dev/loop0
 Metadata file: /dev/loop1
 Data Space Used: 2.516 GB
 Data Space Total: 107.4 GB
 Data Space Available: 29.24 GB
 Metadata Space Used: 3.273 MB
 Metadata Space Total: 2.147 GB
 Metadata Space Available: 2.144 GB
 Udev Sync Supported: true
 Deferred Removal Enabled: false
 Data loop file: /var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/data
 Metadata loop file: /var/lib/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/metadata
 Library Version: 1.02.117-RHEL6 (2016-08-15)
Execution Driver: native-0.2
Logging Driver: json-file
Kernel Version: 2.6.32-642.6.1.el6.x86_64
Operating System: <unknown>
CPUs: 1
Total Memory: 1.818 GiB
Name: h1
ID: KEQG:W5MZ:K5D3:RQRU:UUCV:SMGZ:NNQZ:BKVI:SZUS:HFEV:FTA7:GAI7

# 版本信息
[root@h1 ~]# docker version
Client version: 1.7.1
Client API version: 1.19
Go version (client): go1.4.2
Git commit (client): 786b29d/1.7.1
OS/Arch (client): linux/amd64
Server version: 1.7.1
Server API version: 1.19
Go version (server): go1.4.2
Git commit (server): 786b29d/1.7.1
OS/Arch (server): linux/amd64

# 版本信息
[root@h1 ~]# docker -v
Docker version 1.7.1, build 786b29d/1.7.1

ps

列出所有的container。不带参数的时候只是列出正在运行的container。

-a,--all
    列出所有的容器
-s,--size
    容器所占的空间大小
-l,--latest=true|false
    只列出最近创建的容器，包括非运行的容器

inspect

可以查看比ps更加底层的信息。

-f, --format=""
    利用go语言模板来格式化输出

rm

删除指定容器

-f,--force
    强制删除，包括运行状态的容器。
-v,--volume
    连带删除和容器关联的volume,谨慎操作。

start | restart

启动/重启指定的容器

docker start container-name

stop

停止一个正在运行的container

-t, --time=10
    Number of seconds to wait for the container to stop before killing it. Default is 10 seconds.

attach

可以连接到一个正在运行的container上。

[root@h1 ~]# docker ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
5d54de7bd727        centos:6.8          "/bin/bash"         9 minutes ago       Up 22 seconds                           c1           
[root@h1 ~]# docker attach c1
[root@5d54de7bd727 /]#

logs

可以监控一个正在运行的容器的日志记录

-f, --follow=true|false
    实时监控日志输出. The default is false.
-t, --timestamps=true|false
    日志记录中带上时间戳. The default is false.

docker logs -ft c1

top

exec

在一个正在运行的容器上执行命令

-d, --detach=true|false
    在后台执行命令. The default is false.
-i, --interactive=true|false
    执行交互式命令. The default is false
-u, --user=""
    指定该命令以哪个用户的身份执行.

# 在名称为daemon_dev的容器上以后台任务的方式执行命令 "touch /etc/newfile"
docker exec -d daemon_dev touch /etc/newfile

# 在名称为daemon_dev的容器上打开一个交互式终端
docker exec -t -i daemon_dev /bin/bash

2 run命令

该命令会在一个新的容器中启动一个进程。该进程拥有自己的文件系统，网络组件，进程树等一个子系统应该具有的基础设施。

常用选项

-i, --interactive=false
    容器的STDIN是否开启
-t, --tty=false
    为容器分配一个伪tty终端
--name
    为容器指定一个名称,名称的命必须是唯一的。可以通过名称来代替容器ID引用容器
-d, --detach=true|false
    Detached mode:run the container in the background and print the new container ID. 
    The default is false.
--restart=no|always|on-failure[:max-retry]
    设置container在退出的时候是否自动重启，以及重启的策略。
    no：不自动重启
    always：总是自动重启
    on-failure：在退出码为非零的时候重启，并可以指定max-retry表示最多尝试重启的次数。

示例一

[root@h1 ~]# docker run -i -t centos:6.8 /bin/bash
Unable to find image 'centos:6.8' locally
6.8: Pulling from centos
386c6db8c14f: Pull complete 
8986abc42d08: Pull complete 
80e46367f846: Pull complete 
80e46367f846: Pulling fs layer 
Digest: sha256:233cbc13832f97e83773d2e4a6f9f3a81959bc9b5c1b03135d6bbd67a9db8b66
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:6.8
[root@ec5bfab76e40 /]#

命令执行过程:

先本地查找是否存在镜像centos:6.8。如果本地不存在，去默认的DockerHub查找下载并将其保存在本地。
然后利用该镜像去创建一个新的容器。
当容器创建完成之后，就会执行我们传递给他的命令/bin/bash启动一个shell。可以看出命令提示符也从root@h1变成了root@ec5bfab76e40。

之后就可以像使用一个真正的centos操作系统来使用它了。只是这个操作系统只提供了一些最基本的命令:

[root@ec5bfab76e40 /]# hostname 
ec5bfab76e40


[root@ec5bfab76e40 /]# cat /etc/hosts
172.17.0.1  ec5bfab76e40
127.0.0.1   localhost
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters


[root@ec5bfab76e40 /]# ifconfig 
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:01  
          inet addr:172.17.0.1  Bcast:0.0.0.0  Mask:255.255.0.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::42:acff:fe11:1/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:468 (468.0 b)  TX bytes:558 (558.0 b)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

此时，在该终端中执行exit或者通过其他方式退出终端(/bin/bash结束)。该容器就会停止运行。

示例二

docker run --name daemon_dev -d centos:6.8 /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo hello world;sleep 1;done"

启动一个名称为daemon_dev的容器，该容器在后台运行，并一直打印hello world。

可以通过logs命令查看其日志。

[root@h1 ~]# docker logs -tf daemon_dev
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:57.744262702Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:58.748041451Z hello world
2016-10-17T02:47:59.750740053Z hello world
# ……

利用exec执行命令：

[root@h1 ~]# docker exec -d daemon_dev touch /etc/newfile
[root@h1 ~]# docker exec -t -i daemon_dev /bin/bash
[root@833898befd96 /]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@833898befd96 /]# exit
exit
[root@h1 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
833898befd96        centos:6.8          "/bin/sh -c 'while t   8 minutes ago       Up 8 minutes                            daemon_dev

停止该container:

docker stop daemon_dev

示例三

docker run --restart=always --name daemon_dev -d centos:6.8 /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo hello world;sleep 1;done"

该示例的基本功能和示例二类似，只不过该容器会自动重启。

查看更加详细的内部信息：

[root@h1 ~]# docker inspect daemon_dev
[
{
    "Id": "efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f96175e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd",
    "Created": "2016-10-17T03:05:06.213822618Z",
    "Path": "/bin/sh",
    "Args": [
        "-c",
        "while true;do echo hello world;sleep 1;done"
    ],
    "State": {
        "Running": true,
        "Paused": false,
        "Restarting": false,
        "OOMKilled": false,
        "Dead": false,
        "Pid": 7646,
        "ExitCode": 0,
        "Error": "",
        "StartedAt": "2016-10-17T03:05:06.616292242Z",
        "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
    },
    "Image": "80e46367f84650bdda8e3e638ba61be232e9881a8159bfed6d42f914597c68f4",
    "NetworkSettings": {
        "Bridge": "",
        "EndpointID": "36b326748dd4914c72cb3b349aebeda4d2bd74f4a9fba497f02c8784f24c002d",
        "Gateway": "172.17.42.1",
        "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
        "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
        "HairpinMode": false,
        "IPAddress": "172.17.0.12",
        "IPPrefixLen": 16,
        "IPv6Gateway": "",
        "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
        "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
        "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:0c",
        "NetworkID": "1839f9caada911ea3b980fde577641dabbef9b198b5da9850f686115753c293a",
        "PortMapping": null,
        "Ports": {},
        "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/efd88d4e01c3",
        "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
        "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null
    },
    "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f96175e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd/resolv.conf",
    "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f96175e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd/hostname",
    "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f96175e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd/hosts",
    "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f96175e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd/efd88d4e01c380b5d70b0f961
75e223b76cdc1be0b22697e08e8a58f786005cd-json.log",    "Name": "/daemon_dev",
    "RestartCount": 0,
    "Driver": "devicemapper",
    "ExecDriver": "native-0.2",
    "MountLabel": "",
    "ProcessLabel": "",
    "Volumes": {},
    "VolumesRW": {},
    "AppArmorProfile": "",
    "ExecIDs": null,
    "HostConfig": {
        "Binds": null,
        "ContainerIDFile": "",
        "LxcConf": [],
        "Memory": 0,
        "MemorySwap": 0,
        "CpuShares": 0,
        "CpuPeriod": 0,
        "CpusetCpus": "",
        "CpusetMems": "",
        "CpuQuota": 0,
        "BlkioWeight": 0,
        "OomKillDisable": false,
        "Privileged": false,
        "PortBindings": {},
        "Links": null,
        "PublishAllPorts": false,
        "Dns": null,
        "DnsSearch": null,
        "ExtraHosts": null,
        "VolumesFrom": null,
        "Devices": [],
        "NetworkMode": "bridge",
        "IpcMode": "",
        "PidMode": "",
        "UTSMode": "",
        "CapAdd": null,
        "CapDrop": null,
        "RestartPolicy": {
            "Name": "always",
            "MaximumRetryCount": 0
        },
        "SecurityOpt": null,
        "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
        "Ulimits": null,
        "LogConfig": {
            "Type": "json-file",
            "Config": {}
        },
        "CgroupParent": ""
    },
    "Config": {
        "Hostname": "efd88d4e01c3",
        "Domainname": "",
        "User": "",
        "AttachStdin": false,
        "AttachStdout": false,
        "AttachStderr": false,
        "PortSpecs": null,
        "ExposedPorts": null,
        "Tty": false,
        "OpenStdin": false,
        "StdinOnce": false,
        "Env": [
            "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
        ],
        "Cmd": [
            "/bin/sh",
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo hello world;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "Image": "centos:6.8",
        "Volumes": null,
        "VolumeDriver": "",
        "WorkingDir": "",
        "Entrypoint": null,
        "NetworkDisabled": false,
        "MacAddress": "",
        "OnBuild": null,
        "Labels": {
            "build-date": "2016-06-02",
            "license": "GPLv2",
            "name": "CentOS Base Image",
            "vendor": "CentOS"
        }
    }
}
]
[root@h1 ~]#