一、 英语十二时态 (The Twelve English Tenses)
时态是英语语法的核心，用于表示动作发生的时间和方式（状态）。
| 时态 (Tense) | 结构 (Structure) | 典型用法 (Usage) | 关键词 (Keywords) | 范例 (Example) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 (Simple Present) | V / V-s/es | 事实、习惯、永恒真理 | often, usually, every day, always | She works in a hospital. |
| 现在进行时 (Present Continuous) | am/is/are + V-ing | 正在发生的动作；短期计划 | now, look, listen, at the moment | I am writing an email right now. |
| 现在完成时 (Present Perfect) | have/has + V-ed | 动作已完成，但对现在有影响；从过去持续到现在 | already, yet, ever, since, for, recently | They have finished the report. |
| 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous) | have/has + been + V-ing | 动作从过去开始，持续到现在，可能仍在继续 | since, for, all day/week/year | It has been raining for two hours. |
| 一般过去时 (Simple Past) | V-ed (过去式) | 过去某一时间点发生的动作或状态 | yesterday, last year, ago, in 1990 | He traveled to Japan last month. |
| 过去进行时 (Past Continuous) | was/were + V-ing | 过去某一时刻正在发生的动作 | while, when, at 5 p.m. yesterday | She was sleeping when I called. |
| 过去完成时 (Past Perfect) | had + V-ed | “过去的过去”；在过去某一动作之前完成的动作 | by the time, before, after | The film had started before we arrived. |
| 过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous) | had + been + V-ing | 在过去某一动作之前，动作持续了一段时间 | for… before… | She had been reading for an hour before the lights went out. |
| 一般将来时 (Simple Future) | will/shall + V | 预测、意愿、计划、临时决定 | tomorrow, next week, soon | I will help you** with your homework. |
| 将来进行时 (Future Continuous) | will + be + V-ing | 将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 | at this time tomorrow, all day next Monday | They will be discussing the plan tomorrow afternoon. |
| 将来完成时 (Future Perfect) | will + have + V-ed | 动作在将来的某一时间点之前完成 | by next year, by the time… | By next July, I will have graduated. |
| 将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous) | will + have + been + V-ing | 动作在将来的某一时间点之前持续了一段时间 | for two hours by 5 p.m. tomorrow | By noon, we will have been walking for six hours. |
二、 八大词性 (The Eight Parts of Speech)
词性是构成句子的基本单位，它们决定了单词在句子中的功能。
| 词性 (Part of Speech) | 简称 (Abbr.) | 定义/作用 (Function) | 典型范例 (Typical Examples) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名词 (Noun) | n. | 表示人、事、物、地点或概念的名称 | book, happiness, China, teacher |
| 代词 (Pronoun) | pron. | 代替名词或名词短语 | I, she, this, someone, whose |
| 动词 (Verb) | v. | 表示动作、行为或状态 | run, is, become, study, write |
| 形容词 (Adjective) | adj. | 修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征 | tall, beautiful, exciting, red |
| 副词 (Adverb) | adv. | 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、方式、程度等 | quickly, very, here, always, yesterday |
| 介词 (Preposition) | prep. | 表示名词/代词与其他词的关系（时间、地点、方向等） | in, on, at, with, for, to |
| 连词 (Conjunction) | conj. | 连接单词、短语或句子 | and, but, or, because, although |
| 感叹词 (Interjection) | int. | 表达情感或语气，通常独立于句子 | Oh!, Wow!, Alas!, Ouch! |
三、 五种基本句型 (The Five Basic Sentence Structures)
所有复杂的英语句子都是由这五种基本句型扩展而来的。
| 句型结构 (Structure) | 核心要素 (Core Elements) | 范例 (Example) | 结构解析 (Analysis) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | S + V (主语 + 动词) | Birds fly. | Birds (S) / fly (V, 不及物) |
| 二 | S + V + P (主语 + 动词 + 表语) | She is happy. | She (S) / is (V, 连系) / happy § |
| 三 | S + V + O (主语 + 动词 + 宾语) | I like music. | I (S) / like (V, 及物) / music (O) |
| 四 | S + V + IO + DO (主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语) | He gave me a book. | He (S) / gave (V) / me (IO) / a book (DO) |
| 五 | S + V + O + C (主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语) | We find the news exciting. | We (S) / find (V) / the news (O) / exciting © |
注解： S=主语，V=动词，P=表语，O=宾语，IO=间接宾语，DO=直接宾语，C=宾语补足语。
四、 核心语法概念 (Core Grammar Concepts)
| 概念 (Concept) | 结构 / 作用 (Function) | 类型 (Types) | 范例 (Example) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 语态 (Voice) | 表达主语与动作的关系。结构： be + V-ed (过去分词) | 主动语态 (Active) | The student wrote the essay. |
| 被动语态 (Passive) | The essay was written by the student. | ||
| 从句 (Clause) | 依附于主句的句子成分，充当主句的某个成分。 | 名词性从句 (作 S/O/P 等) | I know that he is honest. (作宾语) |
| 定语从句 (修饰名词/代词) | The book which I bought is good. (修饰 book) | ||
| 状语从句 (作状语) | Because it was raining, we stayed inside. (表示原因) | ||
| 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood) | 表示非真实、假设、愿望或建议。结构： If… had V-ed, … would/could have V-ed | 与过去事实相反 | If I had known, I would have told you. |
| 用在动词后 (建议/要求) | I suggest that he be here on time. (动词用动词原形) |
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