二进制欧几里德算法

Euclid's algorithm is tersely expressed by the recursive formula  (1) gcd(N,M) = gcd(M, N mod M),  where (N mod M) is the remainder of division of N by M. We postulate gcd(N,0) = N in accordance with the end condition of Euclid's algorithm. Our example appears as  gcd(2322,654) = gcd(654,360) = gcd(360,294) = gcd(294,66) = gcd(66,30) = gcd(30,6) = gcd(6,0) = 6.  Other properties of gcd are expressed in such a similarly concise form  1. gcd(KN, KM) = K gcd(N, M)  2. If gcd(N,M) = 1 then gcd(N,MK) = gcd(N,K)  3. gcd(N, M) = gcd(N - M, M)  There are many ways to prove these. For instance, the first and second follow from the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic; the second (in a more direct manner) is also a consequence of a generalization of Proposition VII.30 the third one follows from the basic properties of modular arithmetic and division. A binary algorithm for finding gcd(N,M) is based on the following  1. If N and M are even, gcd(N, M) = 2 gcd(N/2, M/2),  2. If N is even while M is odd, then gcd(N, M) = gcd(N/2, M),  3. If both N and M are odd, then (since N-M is even) |N-M| < max(N,M). Replace the largest of the two with |N-M|.  The algorithm is known as binary because, unlike the original one, it does not use general division of integers but only division by 2. Since in a computer numbers are represented in the Binary system anyway, you should not be surprised to learn that there is a special machine instruction that implements division by 2 in a highly efficient manner. This is known as the right shift wherein the rightmost bit is discharged, the remaining bits are shifted one place to the right and the leftmost bit is set to 0.  Another handy operation is a bitwise conjunction &. N & 1 is either 1 or 0 for any integer N. It's 1 iff N is odd. Bitwise conjunction is also implemented in hardware, i.e., as a machine instruction.  The binary algorithm was discovered by R.Silver and J.Tersian in 1962 and has been published by G.Stein in 1967. Convergence of the algorithm, if not obvious, can be shown by induction. Property 3. above assures that induction is applicable.

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