the usage difference between id and class for css

本文详细阐述了CSS中ID与Class的区别及使用原则。ID具有唯一性且适用于页面的大结构,而Class具有可重复性适合用于小范围的样式设置。文章还提供了ID与Class的使用技巧。

定义格式:
另外,形如id="aaa"定义的,在css中是这样设置其样式的:
#aaa{ 样式列表 }
而以class="bbb"形式定义的,在css中应该这样设置其样式:
.bbb{ 样式列表 }
(注意前面有一个点)
用途:
class元素分2种,关 联的和独 立的. 关联的用于html的相关tag的,比如
h1.redone{color:red}
<h1 class= redone> 字体为红色的 <h1>
<h1> 字体是黑色的 <h1>
独 立的元素可以用于所有的html元素的,比如
.classname {property:value}
id元素和独 立的class功能相似,区别是id 是唯一的而且对于javascript操作html 元素有帮助,
#idname {property: value}
概念定义:
id是元素的名称,可以供js或其它脚本程序来访问该元素对象,而class是该元素的css类名。
id的值在整个当前网页中应该是唯一的,即某一个元素定义了id="aaa",那么这个网页中其它的元素的id就不能定义成aaa,而class则可以。
ID与CLASS的使用原则
据说W3C对于ID与CLASS的设定是ID具有唯一性,CLASS 具有普遍性。所以我们这里的使用原则也是依据这一特性建立的。ID是不能重复的,所以在 XHTML的结构中,大结构一定是用ID。比如标志、导航、主体内容、版权。这些呢接我自己制定的规范命名为#logo , #nav , #content , #copyright 这些是雷打不动的命名。有人说布局排版用ID,配色背景用CLASS,其实这是不正确的,ID与布局排版没有直接关系,CLASS与配色也不是对等的。有人呢为了麻烦全都用ID或是全都用CLASS,全都用CLASS呢还有可理解,全都用ID就不正常了,这有悖ID唯一性。如果每个ID都不一样,那非累死不可。我通过实践总结的使用原则是:ID需要具有唯一性,并且尽量在外围使用。而CLASS具有可重复性,并且尽量在结构内部使用。这样做的好处是有利于网站代码的后期维护与修改,这样的做法就会让所有的CLASS都成为ID的子级或是孙级。你可以有两个儿子但你能有两个爸爸吗,就是这个道理。在我们写 CSS的时候可以写成这样 #father .child {…} 尽量不要让Class包含ID,.father #child {…}如果写成这样显得有点可笑 。当然这也不是铁定的,特殊情况需要特殊对待嘛。但是通常情况下这种形式的必要性不大。
以上就是ID与CLASS使用原则,归总起来一句话:ID是唯一的并是父级的,CLASS是可以重复的并是子级的。
ID与CLASS的使用技巧
1. 子级的命名的包含父命名中的部分为开头。这样方便在编写CSS时明确层次关系。
2. CLASS中的子级最好不用ID。当然特殊情况特殊对待。
3. CLASS的命名最好命名用大小写合用。例 .newMovie 这样的写法与第一条结合起来使用明确关系最合适。要需要注意的是IE以外的浏览器对于大小写是很敏感的。还有就是一定要以字母开头。
其实上面讲的都是一些大家都明白的内容,只是我捡了个漏先写下来算是一个总结。希望大家对于ID与CLASS的使用提出自己的新观点新思路。一起总结出最适合也最有效率的规范来。
若出现重复定义时,从优先级来看是:
Style > ID > Class > 缺省的Html元素
一个Class是用来根据用户定义的标准对一个或多个元素进行定义的。打个比较恰当的比方就是剧本:一个Class可以定义剧本中每个人物的故事线,你可以通过CSS,javascript等来使用这个类。因此你可以在一个页面上使用class="Frodo" ,class="Gandalf", class="Aragorn"来区分不同的故事线。还有一点非常重要的是你可以在一个文档中使用任意次数的Class。
至于 ID,通常用于定义页面上一个仅出现一次的标记。在对页面排版进行结构化布局时(比如说通常一个页面都是由一个页眉,一个报头< masthead>,一个内容区域和一个页脚等组成),一般使用ID比较理想,因为一个ID在一个文档中只能被使用一次。而这些元素在同一页面中很少会出现大于一次的情况。
归纳成一句话就是:Class可以反复使用而ID在一个页面中仅能被使用一次。有可能在很大部分浏览器中反复使用同一个ID不会出现问题,但在标准上这绝对是错误的使用,而且很可能导致某些浏览器的现实问题。
在实际应用的时候,Class可能对文字的排版等比较有用,而ID则对宏观布局和设计放置各种元素较有用

# Configuration file for notebook. c = get_config() #noqa #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Application(SingletonConfigurable) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## This is an application. ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # Default: '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' # c.Application.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # Default: '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' # c.Application.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # Choices: any of [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 'DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARN', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL'] # Default: 30 # c.Application.log_level = 30 ## Configure additional log handlers. # # The default stderr logs handler is configured by the log_level, log_datefmt # and log_format settings. # # This configuration can be used to configure additional handlers (e.g. to # output the log to a file) or for finer control over the default handlers. # # If provided this should be a logging configuration dictionary, for more # information see: # https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#logging-config- # dictschema # # This dictionary is merged with the base logging configuration which defines # the following: # # * A logging formatter intended for interactive use called # ``console``. # * A logging handler that writes to stderr called # ``console`` which uses the formatter ``console``. # * A logger with the name of this application set to ``DEBUG`` # level. # # This example adds a new handler that writes to a file: # # .. code-block:: python # # c.Application.logging_config = { # 'handlers': { # 'file': { # 'class': 'logging.FileHandler', # 'level': 'DEBUG', # 'filename': '<path/to/file>', # } # }, # 'loggers': { # '<application-name>': { # 'level': 'DEBUG', # # NOTE: if you don't list the default "console" # # handler here then it will be disabled # 'handlers': ['console', 'file'], # }, # } # } # Default: {} # c.Application.logging_config = {} ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # Default: False # c.Application.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # Default: False # c.Application.show_config_json = False #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # JupyterApp(Application) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## Base class for Jupyter applications ## Answer yes to any prompts. # Default: False # c.JupyterApp.answer_yes = False ## Full path of a config file. # Default: '' # c.JupyterApp.config_file = '' ## Specify a config file to load. # Default: '' # c.JupyterApp.config_file_name = '' ## Generate default config file. # Default: False # c.JupyterApp.generate_config = False ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # See also: Application.log_datefmt # c.JupyterApp.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # See also: Application.log_format # c.JupyterApp.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # See also: Application.log_level # c.JupyterApp.log_level = 30 ## # See also: Application.logging_config # c.JupyterApp.logging_config = {} ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # See also: Application.show_config # c.JupyterApp.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # See also: Application.show_config_json # c.JupyterApp.show_config_json = False #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # ExtensionApp(JupyterApp) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## Base class for configurable Jupyter Server Extension Applications. # # ExtensionApp subclasses can be initialized two ways: # # - Extension is listed as a jpserver_extension, and ServerApp calls # its load_jupyter_server_extension classmethod. This is the # classic way of loading a server extension. # # - Extension is launched directly by calling its `launch_instance` # class method. This method can be set as a entry_point in # the extensions setup.py. ## Answer yes to any prompts. # See also: JupyterApp.answer_yes # c.ExtensionApp.answer_yes = False ## Full path of a config file. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file # c.ExtensionApp.config_file = '' ## Specify a config file to load. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file_name # c.ExtensionApp.config_file_name = '' # Default: '' # c.ExtensionApp.default_url = '' ## Generate default config file. # See also: JupyterApp.generate_config # c.ExtensionApp.generate_config = False ## Handlers appended to the server. # Default: [] # c.ExtensionApp.handlers = [] ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # See also: Application.log_datefmt # c.ExtensionApp.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # See also: Application.log_format # c.ExtensionApp.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # See also: Application.log_level # c.ExtensionApp.log_level = 30 ## # See also: Application.logging_config # c.ExtensionApp.logging_config = {} ## Whether to open in a browser after starting. # The specific browser used is platform dependent and # determined by the python standard library `webbrowser` # module, unless it is overridden using the --browser # (ServerApp.browser) configuration option. # Default: False # c.ExtensionApp.open_browser = False ## Settings that will passed to the server. # Default: {} # c.ExtensionApp.settings = {} ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # See also: Application.show_config # c.ExtensionApp.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # See also: Application.show_config_json # c.ExtensionApp.show_config_json = False ## paths to search for serving static files. # # This allows adding javascript/css to be available from the notebook server machine, # or overriding individual files in the IPython # Default: [] # c.ExtensionApp.static_paths = [] ## Url where the static assets for the extension are served. # Default: '' # c.ExtensionApp.static_url_prefix = '' ## Paths to search for serving jinja templates. # # Can be used to override templates from notebook.templates. # Default: [] # c.ExtensionApp.template_paths = [] #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # LabServerApp(ExtensionApp) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## A Lab Server Application that runs out-of-the-box ## "A list of comma-separated URIs to get the allowed extensions list # # .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 # `LabServerApp.whitetlist_uris` renamed to `allowed_extensions_uris` # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.allowed_extensions_uris = '' ## Answer yes to any prompts. # See also: JupyterApp.answer_yes # c.LabServerApp.answer_yes = False ## The application settings directory. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.app_settings_dir = '' ## The url path for the application. # Default: '/lab' # c.LabServerApp.app_url = '/lab' ## Deprecated, use `LabServerApp.blocked_extensions_uris` # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.blacklist_uris = '' ## A list of comma-separated URIs to get the blocked extensions list # # .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 # `LabServerApp.blacklist_uris` renamed to `blocked_extensions_uris` # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.blocked_extensions_uris = '' ## Whether to cache files on the server. This should be `True` except in dev # mode. # Default: True # c.LabServerApp.cache_files = True ## Full path of a config file. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file # c.LabServerApp.config_file = '' ## Specify a config file to load. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file_name # c.LabServerApp.config_file_name = '' ## Whether getting a relative (False) or absolute (True) path when copying a # path. # Default: False # c.LabServerApp.copy_absolute_path = False ## Extra paths to look for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: [] # c.LabServerApp.extra_labextensions_path = [] ## Generate default config file. # See also: JupyterApp.generate_config # c.LabServerApp.generate_config = False ## Handlers appended to the server. # See also: ExtensionApp.handlers # c.LabServerApp.handlers = [] ## Options to pass to the jinja2 environment for this # Default: {} # c.LabServerApp.jinja2_options = {} ## The standard paths to look in for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: [] # c.LabServerApp.labextensions_path = [] ## The url for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.labextensions_url = '' ## The interval delay in seconds to refresh the lists # Default: 3600 # c.LabServerApp.listings_refresh_seconds = 3600 ## The optional kwargs to use for the listings HTTP requests as # described on https://2.python-requests.org/en/v2.7.0/api/#requests.request # Default: {} # c.LabServerApp.listings_request_options = {} ## The listings url. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.listings_url = '' ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # See also: Application.log_datefmt # c.LabServerApp.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # See also: Application.log_format # c.LabServerApp.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # See also: Application.log_level # c.LabServerApp.log_level = 30 ## # See also: Application.logging_config # c.LabServerApp.logging_config = {} ## Whether a notebook should start a kernel automatically. # Default: True # c.LabServerApp.notebook_starts_kernel = True ## Whether to open in a browser after starting. # See also: ExtensionApp.open_browser # c.LabServerApp.open_browser = False ## The optional location of the settings schemas directory. If given, a handler # will be added for settings. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.schemas_dir = '' ## Settings that will passed to the server. # See also: ExtensionApp.settings # c.LabServerApp.settings = {} ## The url path of the settings handler. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.settings_url = '' ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # See also: Application.show_config # c.LabServerApp.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # See also: Application.show_config_json # c.LabServerApp.show_config_json = False ## The optional location of local static files. If given, a static file handler # will be added. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.static_dir = '' ## paths to search for serving static files. # See also: ExtensionApp.static_paths # c.LabServerApp.static_paths = [] ## Url where the static assets for the extension are served. # See also: ExtensionApp.static_url_prefix # c.LabServerApp.static_url_prefix = '' ## Paths to search for serving jinja templates. # See also: ExtensionApp.template_paths # c.LabServerApp.template_paths = [] ## The application templates directory. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.templates_dir = '' ## The optional location of the themes directory. If given, a handler will be # added for themes. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.themes_dir = '' ## The theme url. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.themes_url = '' ## The url path of the translations handler. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.translations_api_url = '' ## The url path of the tree handler. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.tree_url = '' ## The optional location of the user settings directory. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.user_settings_dir = '' ## Deprecated, use `LabServerApp.allowed_extensions_uris` # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.whitelist_uris = '' ## The url path of the workspaces API. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.workspaces_api_url = '' ## The optional location of the saved workspaces directory. If given, a handler # will be added for workspaces. # Default: '' # c.LabServerApp.workspaces_dir = '' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # JupyterNotebookApp(LabServerApp) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## The notebook server extension app. ## # See also: LabServerApp.allowed_extensions_uris # c.JupyterNotebookApp.allowed_extensions_uris = '' ## Answer yes to any prompts. # See also: JupyterApp.answer_yes # c.JupyterNotebookApp.answer_yes = False ## The application settings directory. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.app_settings_dir = '' ## The url path for the application. # Default: '/lab' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.app_url = '/lab' ## Deprecated, use `LabServerApp.blocked_extensions_uris` # See also: LabServerApp.blacklist_uris # c.JupyterNotebookApp.blacklist_uris = '' ## # See also: LabServerApp.blocked_extensions_uris # c.JupyterNotebookApp.blocked_extensions_uris = '' ## Whether to cache files on the server. This should be `True` except in dev # mode. # Default: True # c.JupyterNotebookApp.cache_files = True ## Full path of a config file. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file # c.JupyterNotebookApp.config_file = '' ## Specify a config file to load. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file_name # c.JupyterNotebookApp.config_file_name = '' ## Whether getting a relative (False) or absolute (True) path when copying a # path. # Default: False # c.JupyterNotebookApp.copy_absolute_path = False ## Whether custom CSS is loaded on the page. # Defaults to True and custom CSS is loaded. # Default: True # c.JupyterNotebookApp.custom_css = True ## The default URL to redirect to from `/` # Default: '/tree' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.default_url = '/tree' ## Whether to expose the global app instance to browser via window.jupyterapp # Default: False # c.JupyterNotebookApp.expose_app_in_browser = False ## Extra paths to look for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: [] # c.JupyterNotebookApp.extra_labextensions_path = [] ## Generate default config file. # See also: JupyterApp.generate_config # c.JupyterNotebookApp.generate_config = False ## Handlers appended to the server. # See also: ExtensionApp.handlers # c.JupyterNotebookApp.handlers = [] ## Options to pass to the jinja2 environment for this # Default: {} # c.JupyterNotebookApp.jinja2_options = {} ## The standard paths to look in for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: [] # c.JupyterNotebookApp.labextensions_path = [] ## The url for federated JupyterLab extensions # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.labextensions_url = '' ## The interval delay in seconds to refresh the lists # See also: LabServerApp.listings_refresh_seconds # c.JupyterNotebookApp.listings_refresh_seconds = 3600 ## The optional kwargs to use for the listings HTTP requests as # described on https://2.python-requests.org/en/v2.7.0/api/#requests.request # See also: LabServerApp.listings_request_options # c.JupyterNotebookApp.listings_request_options = {} ## The listings url. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.listings_url = '' ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # See also: Application.log_datefmt # c.JupyterNotebookApp.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # See also: Application.log_format # c.JupyterNotebookApp.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # See also: Application.log_level # c.JupyterNotebookApp.log_level = 30 ## # See also: Application.logging_config # c.JupyterNotebookApp.logging_config = {} ## Whether a notebook should start a kernel automatically. # Default: True # c.JupyterNotebookApp.notebook_starts_kernel = True ## Whether to open in a browser after starting. # See also: ExtensionApp.open_browser # c.JupyterNotebookApp.open_browser = False ## The optional location of the settings schemas directory. If given, a handler # will be added for settings. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.schemas_dir = '' ## Settings that will passed to the server. # See also: ExtensionApp.settings # c.JupyterNotebookApp.settings = {} ## The url path of the settings handler. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.settings_url = '' ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # See also: Application.show_config # c.JupyterNotebookApp.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # See also: Application.show_config_json # c.JupyterNotebookApp.show_config_json = False ## The optional location of local static files. If given, a static file handler # will be added. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.static_dir = '' ## paths to search for serving static files. # See also: ExtensionApp.static_paths # c.JupyterNotebookApp.static_paths = [] ## Url where the static assets for the extension are served. # See also: ExtensionApp.static_url_prefix # c.JupyterNotebookApp.static_url_prefix = '' ## Paths to search for serving jinja templates. # See also: ExtensionApp.template_paths # c.JupyterNotebookApp.template_paths = [] ## The application templates directory. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.templates_dir = '' ## The optional location of the themes directory. If given, a handler will be # added for themes. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.themes_dir = '' ## The theme url. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.themes_url = '' ## The url path of the translations handler. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.translations_api_url = '' ## The url path of the tree handler. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.tree_url = '' ## The optional location of the user settings directory. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.user_settings_dir = '' ## Deprecated, use `LabServerApp.allowed_extensions_uris` # See also: LabServerApp.whitelist_uris # c.JupyterNotebookApp.whitelist_uris = '' ## The url path of the workspaces API. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.workspaces_api_url = '' ## The optional location of the saved workspaces directory. If given, a handler # will be added for workspaces. # Default: '' # c.JupyterNotebookApp.workspaces_dir = '' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # ServerApp(JupyterApp) configuration #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## The Jupyter Server application class. ## Set the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true header # Default: False # c.ServerApp.allow_credentials = False ## Set the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header # # Use '*' to allow any origin to access your server. # # Takes precedence over allow_origin_pat. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.allow_origin = '' ## Use a regular expression for the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header # # Requests from an origin matching the expression will get replies with: # # Access-Control-Allow-Origin: origin # # where `origin` is the origin of the request. # # Ignored if allow_origin is set. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.allow_origin_pat = '' ## DEPRECATED in 2.0. Use PasswordIdentityProvider.allow_password_change # Default: True # c.ServerApp.allow_password_change = True ## Allow requests where the Host header doesn't point to a local server # # By default, requests get a 403 forbidden response if the 'Host' header # shows that the browser thinks it's on a non-local domain. # Setting this option to True disables this check. # # This protects against 'DNS rebinding' attacks, where a remote web server # serves you a page and then changes its DNS to send later requests to a # local IP, bypassing same-origin checks. # # Local IP addresses (such as 127.0.0.1 and ::1) are allowed as local, # along with hostnames configured in local_hostnames. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.allow_remote_access = False ## Whether to allow the user to run the server as root. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.allow_root = False ## Answer yes to any prompts. # See also: JupyterApp.answer_yes # c.ServerApp.answer_yes = False ## " # Require authentication to access prometheus metrics. # Default: True # c.ServerApp.authenticate_prometheus = True ## The authorizer class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.auth.authorizer.AllowAllAuthorizer' # c.ServerApp.authorizer_class = 'jupyter_server.auth.authorizer.AllowAllAuthorizer' ## Reload the webapp when changes are made to any Python src files. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.autoreload = False ## The base URL for the Jupyter server. # # Leading and trailing slashes can be omitted, # and will automatically be added. # Default: '/' # c.ServerApp.base_url = '/' ## Specify what command to use to invoke a web # browser when starting the server. If not specified, the # default browser will be determined by the `webbrowser` # standard library module, which allows setting of the # BROWSER environment variable to override it. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.browser = '' ## The full path to an SSL/TLS certificate file. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.certfile = '' ## The full path to a certificate authority certificate for SSL/TLS client # authentication. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.client_ca = '' ## Full path of a config file. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file # c.ServerApp.config_file = '' ## Specify a config file to load. # See also: JupyterApp.config_file_name # c.ServerApp.config_file_name = '' ## The config manager class to use # Default: 'jupyter_server.services.config.manager.ConfigManager' # c.ServerApp.config_manager_class = 'jupyter_server.services.config.manager.ConfigManager' ## The content manager class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager.AsyncLargeFileManager' # c.ServerApp.contents_manager_class = 'jupyter_server.services.contents.largefilemanager.AsyncLargeFileManager' ## DEPRECATED. Use IdentityProvider.cookie_options # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.cookie_options = {} ## The random bytes used to secure cookies. # By default this is a new random number every time you start the server. # Set it to a value in a config file to enable logins to persist across server sessions. # # Note: Cookie secrets should be kept private, do not share config files with # cookie_secret stored in plaintext (you can read the value from a file). # Default: b'' # c.ServerApp.cookie_secret = b'' ## The file where the cookie secret is stored. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.cookie_secret_file = '' ## Override URL shown to users. # # Replace actual URL, including protocol, address, port and base URL, # with the given value when displaying URL to the users. Do not change # the actual connection URL. If authentication token is enabled, the # token is added to the custom URL automatically. # # This option is intended to be used when the URL to display to the user # cannot be determined reliably by the Jupyter server (proxified # or containerized setups for example). # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.custom_display_url = '' ## The default URL to redirect to from `/` # Default: '/' # c.ServerApp.default_url = '/' ## Disable cross-site-request-forgery protection # # Jupyter server includes protection from cross-site request forgeries, # requiring API requests to either: # # - originate from pages served by this server (validated with XSRF cookie and token), or # - authenticate with a token # # Some anonymous compute resources still desire the ability to run code, # completely without authentication. # These services can disable all authentication and security checks, # with the full knowledge of what that implies. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.disable_check_xsrf = False ## handlers that should be loaded at higher priority than the default services # Default: [] # c.ServerApp.extra_services = [] ## Extra paths to search for serving static files. # # This allows adding javascript/css to be available from the Jupyter server machine, # or overriding individual files in the IPython # Default: [] # c.ServerApp.extra_static_paths = [] ## Extra paths to search for serving jinja templates. # # Can be used to override templates from jupyter_server.templates. # Default: [] # c.ServerApp.extra_template_paths = [] ## Open the named file when the application is launched. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.file_to_run = '' ## The URL prefix where files are opened directly. # Default: 'notebooks' # c.ServerApp.file_url_prefix = 'notebooks' ## Generate default config file. # See also: JupyterApp.generate_config # c.ServerApp.generate_config = False ## DEPRECATED. Use IdentityProvider.get_secure_cookie_kwargs # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.get_secure_cookie_kwargs = {} ## The identity provider class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.auth.identity.PasswordIdentityProvider' # c.ServerApp.identity_provider_class = 'jupyter_server.auth.identity.PasswordIdentityProvider' ## DEPRECATED. Use ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection.iopub_data_rate_limit # Default: 0.0 # c.ServerApp.iopub_data_rate_limit = 0.0 ## DEPRECATED. Use ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection.iopub_msg_rate_limit # Default: 0.0 # c.ServerApp.iopub_msg_rate_limit = 0.0 ## The IP address the Jupyter server will listen on. # Default: 'localhost' # c.ServerApp.ip = 'localhost' ## Supply extra arguments that will be passed to Jinja environment. # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.jinja_environment_options = {} ## Extra variables to supply to jinja templates when rendering. # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.jinja_template_vars = {} ## Dict of Python modules to load as Jupyter server extensions.Entry values can # be used to enable and disable the loading ofthe extensions. The extensions # will be loaded in alphabetical order. # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.jpserver_extensions = {} ## The kernel manager class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager.MappingKernelManager' # c.ServerApp.kernel_manager_class = 'jupyter_server.services.kernels.kernelmanager.MappingKernelManager' ## The kernel spec manager class to use. Should be a subclass of # `jupyter_client.kernelspec.KernelSpecManager`. # # The Api of KernelSpecManager is provisional and might change without warning # between this version of Jupyter and the next stable one. # Default: 'builtins.object' # c.ServerApp.kernel_spec_manager_class = 'builtins.object' ## The kernel websocket connection class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base.BaseKernelWebsocketConnection' # c.ServerApp.kernel_websocket_connection_class = 'jupyter_server.services.kernels.connection.base.BaseKernelWebsocketConnection' ## DEPRECATED. Use ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection.kernel_ws_protocol # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.kernel_ws_protocol = '' ## The full path to a private key file for usage with SSL/TLS. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.keyfile = '' ## DEPRECATED. Use ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection.limit_rate # Default: False # c.ServerApp.limit_rate = False ## Hostnames to allow as local when allow_remote_access is False. # # Local IP addresses (such as 127.0.0.1 and ::1) are automatically accepted # as local as well. # Default: ['localhost'] # c.ServerApp.local_hostnames = ['localhost'] ## The date format used by logging formatters for %(asctime)s # See also: Application.log_datefmt # c.ServerApp.log_datefmt = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' ## The Logging format template # See also: Application.log_format # c.ServerApp.log_format = '[%(name)s]%(highlevel)s %(message)s' ## Set the log level by value or name. # See also: Application.log_level # c.ServerApp.log_level = 30 ## # See also: Application.logging_config # c.ServerApp.logging_config = {} ## The login handler class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.auth.login.LegacyLoginHandler' # c.ServerApp.login_handler_class = 'jupyter_server.auth.login.LegacyLoginHandler' ## The logout handler class to use. # Default: 'jupyter_server.auth.logout.LogoutHandler' # c.ServerApp.logout_handler_class = 'jupyter_server.auth.logout.LogoutHandler' ## Sets the maximum allowed size of the client request body, specified in the # Content-Length request header field. If the size in a request exceeds the # configured value, a malformed HTTP message is returned to the client. # # Note: max_body_size is applied even in streaming mode. # Default: 536870912 # c.ServerApp.max_body_size = 536870912 ## Gets or sets the maximum amount of memory, in bytes, that is allocated for use # by the buffer manager. # Default: 536870912 # c.ServerApp.max_buffer_size = 536870912 ## Gets or sets a lower bound on the open file handles process resource limit. # This may need to be increased if you run into an OSError: [Errno 24] Too many # open files. This is not applicable when running on Windows. # Default: 0 # c.ServerApp.min_open_files_limit = 0 ## DEPRECATED, use root_dir. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.notebook_dir = '' ## Whether to open in a browser after starting. # The specific browser used is platform dependent and # determined by the python standard library `webbrowser` # module, unless it is overridden using the --browser # (ServerApp.browser) configuration option. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.open_browser = False ## DEPRECATED in 2.0. Use PasswordIdentityProvider.hashed_password # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.password = '' ## DEPRECATED in 2.0. Use PasswordIdentityProvider.password_required # Default: False # c.ServerApp.password_required = False ## The port the server will listen on (env: JUPYTER_PORT). # Default: 0 # c.ServerApp.port = 0 ## The number of additional ports to try if the specified port is not available # (env: JUPYTER_PORT_RETRIES). # Default: 50 # c.ServerApp.port_retries = 50 ## Preferred starting directory to use for notebooks and kernels. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.preferred_dir = '' ## DISABLED: use %pylab or %matplotlib in the notebook to enable matplotlib. # Default: 'disabled' # c.ServerApp.pylab = 'disabled' ## If True, display controls to shut down the Jupyter server, such as menu items # or buttons. # Default: True # c.ServerApp.quit_button = True ## DEPRECATED. Use ZMQChannelsWebsocketConnection.rate_limit_window # Default: 0.0 # c.ServerApp.rate_limit_window = 0.0 ## Reraise exceptions encountered loading server extensions? # Default: False # c.ServerApp.reraise_server_extension_failures = False ## The directory to use for notebooks and kernels. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.root_dir = '' ## The session manager class to use. # Default: 'builtins.object' # c.ServerApp.session_manager_class = 'builtins.object' ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout # See also: Application.show_config # c.ServerApp.show_config = False ## Instead of starting the Application, dump configuration to stdout (as JSON) # See also: Application.show_config_json # c.ServerApp.show_config_json = False ## Shut down the server after N seconds with no kernelsrunning and no activity. # This can be used together with culling idle kernels # (MappingKernelManager.cull_idle_timeout) to shutdown the Jupyter server when # it's not in use. This is not precisely timed: it may shut down up to a minute # later. 0 (the default) disables this automatic shutdown. # Default: 0 # c.ServerApp.shutdown_no_activity_timeout = 0 ## The UNIX socket the Jupyter server will listen on. # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.sock = '' ## The permissions mode for UNIX socket creation (default: 0600). # Default: '0600' # c.ServerApp.sock_mode = '0600' ## Supply SSL options for the tornado HTTPServer. # See the tornado docs for details. # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.ssl_options = {} ## Paths to set up static files as immutable. # # This allow setting up the cache control of static files as immutable. It # should be used for static file named with a hash for instance. # Default: [] # c.ServerApp.static_immutable_cache = [] ## Supply overrides for terminado. Currently only supports "shell_command". # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.terminado_settings = {} ## Set to False to disable terminals. # # This does *not* make the server more secure by itself. # Anything the user can in a terminal, they can also do in a notebook. # # Terminals may also be automatically disabled if the terminado package # is not available. # Default: False # c.ServerApp.terminals_enabled = False ## DEPRECATED. Use IdentityProvider.token # Default: '<DEPRECATED>' # c.ServerApp.token = '<DEPRECATED>' ## Supply overrides for the tornado.web.Application that the Jupyter server uses. # Default: {} # c.ServerApp.tornado_settings = {} ## Whether to trust or not X-Scheme/X-Forwarded-Proto and X-Real-Ip/X-Forwarded- # For headerssent by the upstream reverse proxy. Necessary if the proxy handles # SSL # Default: False # c.ServerApp.trust_xheaders = False ## Disable launching browser by redirect file # For versions of notebook > 5.7.2, a security feature measure was added that # prevented the authentication token used to launch the browser from being visible. # This feature makes it difficult for other users on a multi-user system from # running code in your Jupyter session as you. # However, some environments (like Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) and Chromebooks), # launching a browser using a redirect file can lead the browser failing to load. # This is because of the difference in file structures/paths between the runtime and # the browser. # # Disabling this setting to False will disable this behavior, allowing the browser # to launch by using a URL and visible token (as before). # Default: True # c.ServerApp.use_redirect_file = True ## Specify where to open the server on startup. This is the # `new` argument passed to the standard library method `webbrowser.open`. # The behaviour is not guaranteed, but depends on browser support. Valid # values are: # # - 2 opens a new tab, # - 1 opens a new window, # - 0 opens in an existing window. # # See the `webbrowser.open` documentation for details. # Default: 2 # c.ServerApp.webbrowser_open_new = 2 ## Set the tornado compression options for websocket connections. # # This value will be returned from # :meth:`WebSocketHandler.get_compression_options`. None (default) will disable # compression. A dict (even an empty one) will enable compression. # # See the tornado docs for WebSocketHandler.get_compression_options for details. # Default: None # c.ServerApp.websocket_compression_options = None ## The base URL for websockets, # if it differs from the HTTP server (hint: it almost certainly doesn't). # # Should be in the form of an HTTP origin: ws[s]://hostname[:port] # Default: '' # c.ServerApp.websocket_url = ''
07-19
### Differences Among Benchmark, Profiling, Tracing, and Monitoring in Software Performance Analysis In software performance analysis, benchmarking, profiling, tracing, and monitoring are distinct but complementary techniques that serve different purposes. Below is an explanation of each concept and their differences: #### Benchmark Benchmarking involves measuring the performance of a system or application under specific conditions to establish a baseline for comparison. This technique focuses on quantifying performance metrics such as throughput, latency, or resource utilization over a defined workload. The results of benchmarking can be used to evaluate the efficiency of an application or compare it against other systems. For example, tools like `iperf(1)` are often used to benchmark network performance[^2]. #### Profiling Profiling is the process of analyzing the runtime behavior of a program to identify performance bottlenecks. It typically involves collecting detailed data about function calls, execution time, memory usage, and CPU cycles. Visualization tools like flame graphs are commonly used to represent profiling data, helping developers pinpoint areas where optimizations can be made. Profiling provides deeper insights into how an application uses resources during its execution. #### Tracing Tracing refers to the continuous recording of events occurring within a system or application. These events may include function calls, system calls, or hardware interrupts. Tracing is particularly useful for diagnosing issues in complex systems, as it allows developers to reconstruct the sequence of operations leading up to a problem. Static kernel tracing and user-level statically defined tracing (USDT) are examples of tracing techniques[^1]. Tracing differs from profiling in that it captures more granular information over time rather than aggregating performance metrics. #### Monitoring Monitoring involves continuously observing the health and performance of a running system. Unlike benchmarking, which measures performance under controlled conditions, monitoring tracks real-time metrics such as CPU usage, memory consumption, disk I/O, and network traffic. Monitoring tools alert administrators when thresholds are exceeded or anomalies are detected, enabling proactive issue resolution. While monitoring does not provide the same level of detail as profiling or tracing, it offers ongoing visibility into system behavior[^3]. #### Key Differences - **Purpose**: Benchmarking establishes performance baselines; profiling identifies bottlenecks; tracing records event sequences; monitoring observes system health. - **Granularity**: Tracing captures fine-grained details, while profiling aggregates data. Monitoring provides high-level overviews. - **Use Case**: Benchmarking is ideal for comparing systems, profiling for optimizing code, tracing for debugging, and monitoring for operational oversight. ```python # Example of a simple benchmarking script import time def benchmark_function(func, *args): start_time = time.time() func(*args) end_time = time.time() return end_time - start_time def example_function(n): for _ in range(n): pass execution_time = benchmark_function(example_function, 1000000) print(f"Execution Time: {execution_time} seconds") ```
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