井字游戏 指针版

// 指针版

// Tic-Tac-Toe 2.0 // Plays the game of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent // Uses pointers instead of refernces for function parameters #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; // global constants const char X = 'X'; const char O = 'O'; const char EMPTY = ' '; const char TIE = 'T'; const char NO_ONE = 'N'; // function prototypes void instructions(); char askYesNo(string question); int askNumber(string question, int high, int low = 0); char humanPiece(); char opponent(char piece); void displayBoard(const vector<char>* const pBoard); char winner(const vector<char>* const pBoard); bool isLegal(const vector<char>* const pBoard, int move); int humanMove(const vector<char>* const pBoard, char human); int computerMove(vector<char> board, char computer); void announceWinner(char winner, char computer, char human); // main function int main() { int move; const int NUM_SQUARES = 9; vector<char> board(NUM_SQUARES, EMPTY); instructions(); char human = humanPiece(); char computer = opponent(human); char turn = X; displayBoard(&board); while (winner(&board) == NO_ONE) { if (turn == human) { move = humanMove(&board, human); board[move] = human; } else { move = computerMove(board, computer); board[move] = computer; } displayBoard(&board); turn = opponent(turn); } announceWinner(winner(&board), computer, human); return 0; } // functions void instructions() { cout << "Welcome to the ultimate man-machine showdown: Tic-Tac-Toe./n"; cout << "--where human brain is pit against silicon processor/n/n"; cout << "Make your move known by entering a number, 0 - 8. The number/n"; cout << "corresponds to the desired board position, as illustrated:/n/n"; cout << " 0 | 1 | 2/n"; cout << " ---------/n"; cout << " 3 | 4 | 5/n"; cout << " ---------/n"; cout << " 6 | 7 | 8/n/n"; cout << "Prepare yourself, human. The battle is about to begin./n/n"; } char askYesNo(string question) { char response; do { cout << question << " (y/n): "; cin >> response; } while (response != 'y' && response != 'n'); return response; } int askNumber(string question, int high, int low) { int number; do { cout << question << " (" << low << " - " << high << "): "; cin >> number; } while (number > high || number < low); return number; } char humanPiece() { char go_first = askYesNo("Do you require the first move?"); if (go_first == 'y') { cout << "/nThen take the first move. You will need it./n"; return X; } else { cout << "/nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first./n"; return O; } } char opponent(char piece) { if (piece == X) return O; else return X; } void displayBoard(const vector<char>* const pBoard) { cout << "/n/t" << (*pBoard)[0] << " | " << (*pBoard)[1] << " | " << (*pBoard)[2]; cout << "/n/t" << "---------"; cout << "/n/t" << (*pBoard)[3] << " | " << (*pBoard)[4] << " | " << (*pBoard)[5]; cout << "/n/t" << "---------"; cout << "/n/t" << (*pBoard)[6] << " | " << (*pBoard)[7] << " | " << (*pBoard)[8]; cout << "/n/n"; } char winner(const vector<char>* const pBoard) { // all possible winning rows const int WINNING_ROWS[8][3] = { {0, 1, 2}, {3, 4, 5}, {6, 7, 8}, {0, 3, 6}, {1, 4, 7}, {2, 5, 8}, {0, 4, 8}, {2, 4, 6} }; const int TOTAL_ROWS = 8; // if any winning row has three values that are the same (and not EMPTY), // then we have a winner for(int row = 0; row < TOTAL_ROWS; ++row) { if ( ((*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]] != EMPTY) && ((*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]] == (*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][1]]) && ((*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][1]] == (*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][2]]) ) { return (*pBoard)[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]]; } } // since nobody has won, check for a tie (no empty squares left) if (count(pBoard->begin(), pBoard->end(), EMPTY) == 0) return TIE; // since nobody has won and it isn't a tie, the game ain't over return NO_ONE; } inline bool isLegal(int move, const vector<char>* pBoard) { return ((*pBoard)[move] == EMPTY); } int humanMove(const vector<char>* const pBoard, char human) { int move = askNumber("Where will you move?", (pBoard->size() - 1)); while (!isLegal(move, pBoard)) { cout << "/nThat square is already occupied, foolish human./n"; move = askNumber("Where will you move?", (pBoard->size() - 1)); } cout << "Fine.../n"; return move; } int computerMove(vector<char> board, char computer) { cout << "I shall take square number "; // if computer can win on next move, make that move for(int move = 0; move < board.size(); ++move) { if (isLegal(move, &board)) { board[move] = computer; if (winner(&board) == computer) { cout << move << endl; return move; } // done checking this move, undo it board[move] = EMPTY; } } // if human can win on next move, block that move char human = opponent(computer); for(int move = 0; move < board.size(); ++move) { if (isLegal(move, &board)) { board[move] = human; if (winner(&board) == human) { cout << move << endl; return move; } // done checking this move, undo it board[move] = EMPTY; } } // the best moves to make, in order const int BEST_MOVES[] = {4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7}; // since no one can win on next move, pick best open square for(int i = 0; i < board.size(); ++i) { int move = BEST_MOVES[i]; if (isLegal(move, &board)) { cout << move << endl; return move; } } } void announceWinner(char winner, char computer, char human) { if (winner == computer) { cout << winner << "'s won!/n"; cout << "As I predicted, human, I am triumphant once more -- proof/n"; cout << "that computers are superior to humans in all regards./n"; } else if (winner == human) { cout << winner << "'s won!/n"; cout << "No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, human./n"; cout << "But never again! I, the computer, so swear it!/n"; } else { cout << "It's a tie./n"; cout << "You were most lucky, human, and somehow managed to tie me./n"; cout << "Celebrate... for this is the best you will ever achieve./n"; } }

 

//引用版

// Tic-Tac-Toe // Plays the game of tic-tac-toe against a human opponent #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; // global constants const char X = 'X'; const char O = 'O'; const char EMPTY = ' '; const char TIE = 'T'; const char NO_ONE = 'N'; // function prototypes void instructions(); char askYesNo(string question); int askNumber(string question, int high, int low = 0); char humanPiece(); char opponent(char piece); void displayBoard(const vector<char>* board); char winner(const vector<char>* board); bool isLegal(const vector<char>* board, int move); int humanMove(const vector<char>* board, char human); int computerMove(vector<char> board, char computer); void announceWinner(char winner, char computer, char human); // main function int main() { int move; const int NUM_SQUARES = 9; vector<char>* board(NUM_SQUARES, EMPTY); instructions(); char human = humanPiece(); char computer = opponent(human); char turn = X; displayBoard(board); while (winner(board) == NO_ONE) { if (turn == human) { move = humanMove(board, human); board[move] = human; } else { move = computerMove(board, computer); board[move] = computer; } displayBoard(board); turn = opponent(turn); } announceWinner(winner(board), computer, human); return 0; } // functions void instructions() { cout << "Welcome to the ultimate man-machine showdown: Tic-Tac-Toe./n"; cout << "--where human brain is pit against silicon processor/n/n"; cout << "Make your move known by entering a number, 0 - 8. The number/n"; cout << "corresponds to the desired board position, as illustrated:/n/n"; cout << " 0 | 1 | 2/n"; cout << " ---------/n"; cout << " 3 | 4 | 5/n"; cout << " ---------/n"; cout << " 6 | 7 | 8/n/n"; cout << "Prepare yourself, human. The battle is about to begin./n/n"; } char askYesNo(string question) { char response; do { cout << question << " (y/n): "; cin >> response; } while (response != 'y' && response != 'n'); return response; } int askNumber(string question, int high, int low) { int number; do { cout << question << " (" << low << " - " << high << "): "; cin >> number; } while (number > high || number < low); return number; } char humanPiece() { char go_first = askYesNo("Do you require the first move?"); if (go_first == 'y') { cout << "/nThen take the first move. You will need it./n"; return X; } else { cout << "/nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first./n"; return O; } } char opponent(char piece) { if (piece == X) return O; else return X; } void displayBoard(const vector<char>* board) { cout << "/n/t" << board[0] << " | " << board[1] << " | " << board[2]; cout << "/n/t" << "---------"; cout << "/n/t" << board[3] << " | " << board[4] << " | " << board[5]; cout << "/n/t" << "---------"; cout << "/n/t" << board[6] << " | " << board[7] << " | " << board[8]; cout << "/n/n"; } char winner(const vector<char>* board) { // all possible winning rows const int WINNING_ROWS[8][3] = { {0, 1, 2}, {3, 4, 5}, {6, 7, 8}, {0, 3, 6}, {1, 4, 7}, {2, 5, 8}, {0, 4, 8}, {2, 4, 6} }; const int TOTAL_ROWS = 8; // if any winning row has three values that are the same (and not EMPTY), // then we have a winner for(int row = 0; row < TOTAL_ROWS; ++row) { if ( (board[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]] != EMPTY) && (board[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]] == board[WINNING_ROWS[row][1]]) && (board[WINNING_ROWS[row][1]] == board[WINNING_ROWS[row][2]]) ) { return board[WINNING_ROWS[row][0]]; } } // since nobody has won, check for a tie (no empty squares left) if (count(board.begin(), board.end(), EMPTY) == 0) return TIE; // since nobody has won and it isn't a tie, the game ain't over return NO_ONE; } inline bool isLegal(int move, const vector<char>* board) { return (board[move] == EMPTY); } int humanMove(const vector<char>* board, char human) { int move = askNumber("Where will you move?", (board.size() - 1)); while (!isLegal(move, board)) { cout << "/nThat square is already occupied, foolish human./n"; move = askNumber("Where will you move?", (board.size() - 1)); } cout << "Fine.../n"; return move; } int computerMove(vector<char> board, char computer) { cout << "I shall take square number "; // if computer can win on next move, make that move for(int move = 0; move < board.size(); ++move) { if (isLegal(move, board)) { board[move] = computer; if (winner(board) == computer) { cout << move << endl; return move; } // done checking this move, undo it board[move] = EMPTY; } } // if human can win on next move, block that move char human = opponent(computer); for(int move = 0; move < board.size(); ++move) { if (isLegal(move, board)) { board[move] = human; if (winner(board) == human) { cout << move << endl; return move; } // done checking this move, undo it board[move] = EMPTY; } } // the best moves to make, in order const int BEST_MOVES[] = {4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7}; // since no one can win on next move, pick best open square for(int i = 0; i < board.size(); ++i) { int move = BEST_MOVES[i]; if (isLegal(move, board)) { cout << move << endl; return move; } } } void announceWinner(char winner, char computer, char human) { if (winner == computer) { cout << winner << "'s won!/n"; cout << "As I predicted, human, I am triumphant once more -- proof/n"; cout << "that computers are superior to humans in all regards./n"; } else if (winner == human) { cout << winner << "'s won!/n"; cout << "No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, human./n"; cout << "But never again! I, the computer, so swear it!/n"; } else { cout << "It's a tie./n"; cout << "You were most lucky, human, and somehow managed to tie me./n"; cout << "Celebrate... for this is the best you will ever achieve./n"; } }