RabbitMQ理解

https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/tutorial-one-python.html 

1 "Hello World!" The simplest thing that doessomething Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir	2 Work queues Distributing tasks among workers Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir	3 Publish/Subscribe Sending messages to many consumers at once Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir
4 Routing Receiving messages selectively Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir	5 Topics Receiving messages based on a pattern Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir	6 RPC Remote procedure call implementation Python Java Ruby PHP C# Javascript Go Elixir

Introduction

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes RabbitMQ isinstalled and running on localhoston standard port (5672). In case you use a different host, port or credentials, connections settings would require adjusting.

Where to get help

If you're having trouble going through this tutorial you can contact usthrough the mailing list.

RabbitMQ is a message broker. The principal idea is pretty simple: it accepts and forwards messages. You can think about it as a post office: when you send mail to the post box you're pretty sure that Mr. Postman will eventually deliver the mail to your recipient. Using this metaphor RabbitMQ is a post box, a post office and a postman.

The major difference between RabbitMQ and the post office is the fact that it doesn't deal with paper, instead it accepts, stores and forwards binary blobs of data ‒ messages.

RabbitMQ, and messaging in general, uses some jargon.

• Producing means nothing more than sending. A program that sends messages is a producer. We'll draw it like that, with "P":

  

• A queue is the name for a mailbox. It lives inside RabbitMQ. Although messages flow through RabbitMQ and your applications, they can be stored only inside a queue. A queue is not bound by any limits, it can store as many messages as you like ‒ it's essentially an infinite buffer. Many producers can send messages that go to one queue, many consumers can try to receive data from one queue. A queue will be drawn as like that, with its name above it:

  

• Consuming has a similar meaning to receiving. A consumer is a program that mostly waits to receive messages. On our drawings it's shown with "C":

  

Note that the producer, consumer, and broker do not have to reside on the same machine; indeed in most applications they don't.

Hello World!

(using the pika 0.10.0 Python client)

Our "Hello world" won't be too complex ‒ let's send a message, receive it and print it on the screen. To do so we need two programs: one that sends a message and one that receives and prints it.

Our overall design will look like:

Producer sends messages to the "hello" queue. The consumer receives messages from that queue.

RabbitMQ libraries

RabbitMQ speaks AMQP 0.9.1, which is an open, general-purpose protocol for messaging. There are a number of clients for RabbitMQ in many different languages. In this tutorial series we're going to use Pika, which is the Python client recommended by the RabbitMQ team. To install it you can use the pip package management tool.

Sending

Our first program send.py will send a single message to the queue. The first thing we need to do is to establish a connection with RabbitMQ server.

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
               'localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

We're connected now, to a broker on the local machine - hence the localhost. If we wanted to connect to a broker on a different machine we'd simply specify its name or IP address here.

Next, before sending we need to make sure the recipient queue exists. If we send a message to non-existing location, RabbitMQ will just trash the message. Let's create a queue to which the message will be delivered, let's name it hello:

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

At that point we're ready to send a message. Our first message will just contain a string Hello World! and we want to send it to our hello queue.

In RabbitMQ a message can never be sent directly to the queue, it always needs to go through an exchange. But let's not get dragged down by the details ‒ you can read more aboutexchanges in the third part of this tutorial. All we need to know now is how to use a default exchange identified by an empty string. This exchange is special ‒ it allows us to specify exactly to which queue the message should go. The queue name needs to be specified in therouting_key parameter:

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!')
print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

Before exiting the program we need to make sure the network buffers were flushed and our message was actually delivered to RabbitMQ. We can do it by gently closing the connection.

connection.close()

Sending doesn't work!

If this is your first time using RabbitMQ and you don't see the "Sent" message then you may be left scratching your head wondering what could be wrong. Maybe the broker was started without enough free disk space (by default it needs at least 1Gb free) and is therefore refusing to accept messages. Check the broker logfile to confirm and reduce the limit if necessary. The configuration file documentation will show you how to setdisk_free_limit.

Receiving

Our second program receive.py will receive messages from the queue and print them on the screen.

Again, first we need to connect to RabbitMQ server. The code responsible for connecting to Rabbit is the same as previously.

The next step, just like before, is to make sure that the queue exists. Creating a queue usingqueue_declare is idempotent ‒ we can run the command as many times as we like, and only one will be created.

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

You may ask why we declare the queue again ‒ we have already declared it in our previous code. We could avoid that if we were sure that the queue already exists. For example if send.pyprogram was run before. But we're not yet sure which program to run first. In such cases it's a good practice to repeat declaring the queue in both programs.

Listing queues

You may wish to see what queues RabbitMQ has and how many messages are in them. You can do it (as a privileged user) using the rabbitmqctl tool:

$ sudo rabbitmqctl list_queues
Listing queues ...
hello    0
...done.

(omit sudo on Windows)

Receiving messages from the queue is more complex. It works by subscribing a callbackfunction to a queue. Whenever we receive a message, this callback function is called by the Pika library. In our case this function will print on the screen the contents of the message.

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

Next, we need to tell RabbitMQ that this particular callback function should receive messages from our hello queue:

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=True)

For that command to succeed we must be sure that a queue which we want to subscribe to exists. Fortunately we're confident about that ‒ we've created a queue above ‒ usingqueue_declare.

The no_ack parameter will be described later on.

And finally, we enter a never-ending loop that waits for data and runs callbacks whenever necessary.

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

Putting it all together

Full code for send.py:

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#!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!') print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()

(send.py source)

Full receive.py code:

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#!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=True) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()

(receive.py source)

Now we can try out our programs in a terminal. First, let's send a message using our send.pyprogram:

 $ python send.py
 [x] Sent 'Hello World!'

The producer program send.py will stop after every run. Let's receive it:

 $ python receive.py
 [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
 [x] Received 'Hello World!'

Hurray! We were able to send our first message through RabbitMQ. As you might have noticed, the receive.py program doesn't exit. It will stay ready to receive further messages, and may be interrupted with Ctrl-C.

Try to run send.py again in a new terminal.

We've learned how to send and receive a message from a named queue. It's time to move on topart 2 and build a simple work queue.

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