GO中间件(Middleware )

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本文深入探讨了Go语言中中间件的应用，包括日志记录、权限验证、远程调用等功能，通过具体示例展示了如何使用中间件进行请求预处理和后处理，以及在gin框架下实现中间件的方法。

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中间件是一种计算机软件，可为操作系统提供的软件应用程序提供服务，以便于各个软件之间的沟通，特别是系统软件和应用软件。广泛用于web应用和面向服务的体系结构等。

纵观GO语言，中间件应用比较普遍，主要应用：

记录对服务器发送的请求（request）
处理服务器响应（response ）
请求和处理之间做一个权限认证工作
远程调用
安全
等等

中间件处理程序是简单的http.Handler，它包装另一个http.Handler做请求的一些预处理和/或后处理。它被称为“中间件”，因为它位于Go Web服务器和实际处理程序之间的中间位置。

下面是一些中间件例子

记录日志中间件

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
)

func logging(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
   return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
      log.Println(r.URL.Path)
      f(w, r)
   }
}
func foo(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "foo")
}

func bar(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "bar")
}

func main() {
   http.HandleFunc("/foo", logging(foo))
   http.HandleFunc("/bar", logging(bar))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

访问 http://localhost:8080/foo

返回结果

foo

将上面示例修改下，也可以实现相同的功能。

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
)

func foo(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "foo")
}
func bar(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "bar")
}

func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
   return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
      log.Println(r.URL.Path)
      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
   })
}

func main() {

   http.Handle("/foo", loggingMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(foo)))
   http.Handle("/bar", loggingMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(bar)))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

访问 http://localhost:8080/foo

返回结果

foo

多中间件例子

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
   "time"
)

type Middleware func(http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc

// Logging logs all requests with its path and the time it took to process
func Logging() Middleware {

   // Create a new Middleware
   return func(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {

      // Define the http.HandlerFunc
      return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

         // Do middleware things
         start := time.Now()
         defer func() { log.Println(r.URL.Path, time.Since(start)) }()

         // Call the next middleware/handler in chain
         f(w, r)
      }
   }
}

// Method ensures that url can only be requested with a specific method, else returns a 400 Bad Request
func Method(m string) Middleware {

   // Create a new Middleware
   return func(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {

      // Define the http.HandlerFunc
      return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

         // Do middleware things
         if r.Method != m {
            http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
            return
         }

         // Call the next middleware/handler in chain
         f(w, r)
      }
   }
}

// Chain applies middlewares to a http.HandlerFunc
func Chain(f http.HandlerFunc, middlewares ...Middleware) http.HandlerFunc {
   for _, m := range middlewares {
      f = m(f)
   }
   return f
}

func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "hello world")
}

func main() {
   http.HandleFunc("/", Chain(Hello, Method("GET"), Logging()))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

中间件本身只是将其http.HandlerFunc作为其参数之一，包装它并返回一个新http.HandlerFunc的服务器来调用。在这里，我们定义了一种新类型Middleware，最终可以更容易地将多个中间件链接在一起。

当然我们也可以改成如下形式

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
   "time"
)

type Middleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler

func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "hello world")
}

func Chain(f http.Handler, mmap ...Middleware) http.Handler {
   for _, m := range mmap {
      f = m(f)
   }
   return f
}
func Method(m string) Middleware {
   return func(f http.Handler) http.Handler {
      return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
         log.Println(r.URL.Path)
         if r.Method != m {
            http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
            return
         }
         f.ServeHTTP(w, r)
      })
   }

}
func Logging() Middleware {
   return func(f http.Handler) http.Handler {
      return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
         //log.Println(r.URL.Path)
         // Do middleware things
         start := time.Now()
         defer func() { log.Println(r.URL.Path, time.Since(start)) }()
         f.ServeHTTP(w, r)
      })
   }
}

func main() {
   http.Handle("/", Chain(http.HandlerFunc(Hello), Method("GET"), Logging()))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

在gin框架下实现中间件

r := gin.Default() 创建带有默认中间件的路由，默认是包含logger和recovery中间件的
r :=gin.new()      创建带有没有中间件的路由

示例

package main

import (
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
   "log"
   "time"
)

func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
   return func(c *gin.Context) {
      t := time.Now()
      // Set example variable
      c.Set("example", "12345")
      // before request
      c.Next()
      // after request
      latency := time.Since(t)
      log.Print(latency) //时间  0s
      // access the status we are sending
      status := c.Writer.Status()
      log.Println(status) //状态 200
   }
}
func main() {
   r := gin.New()
   r.Use(Logger())

   r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
      example := c.MustGet("example").(string)

      // it would print: "12345"
      log.Println(example)
   })

   // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
   r.Run(":8080")
}

以上示例也可改为

package main

import (
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
   "log"
   "time"
)

func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
   return func(c *gin.Context) {
      t := time.Now()
      // Set example variable
      c.Set("example", "12345")
      // before request
      c.Next()
      // after request
      latency := time.Since(t)
      log.Print(latency) //时间  0s
      // access the status we are sending
      status := c.Writer.Status()
      log.Println(status) //状态 200
   }
}

func main() {
   r := gin.New()
   r.GET("/test", Logger(), func(c *gin.Context) {
      example := c.MustGet("example").(string)
      // it would print: "12345"
      log.Println(example)
   })
   // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
   r.Run(":8080")
}

即不用r.use添加中间件，直接将Logger() 写到r.GET 方法的参数里（"/test"之后）。

更多gin中间件示例可参考 https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin

参考资料

https://drstearns.github.io/tutorials/gomiddleware/

https://gowebexamples.com/advanced-middleware/