Installing OpenStack Essex (2012.1) on Ubuntu 12.04 ("Precise Pangolin")

http://www.hastexo.com/resources/docs/installing-openstack-essex-20121-ubuntu-1204-precise-pangolin
【路径规划】(螺旋)基于A星全覆盖路径规划研究(Matlab代码实现)内容概要:本文围绕“基于A星算法的全覆盖路径规划”展开研究,重点介绍了一种结合螺旋搜索策略的A星算法在栅格地图中的路径规划实现方法,并提供了完整的Matlab代码实现。该方法旨在解决移动机器人或无人机在未知或部分已知环境中实现高效、无遗漏的区域全覆盖路径规划问题。文中详细阐述了A星算法的基本原理、启发式函数设计、开放集与关闭集管理机制,并融合螺旋遍历策略以提升初始探索效率,确保覆盖完整性。同时,文档提及该研究属于一系列路径规划技术的一部分,涵盖多种智能优化算法与其他路径规划方法的融合应用。; 适合人群:具备一定Matlab编程基础,从事机器人、自动化、智能控制及相关领域研究的研究生、科研人员及工程技术人员。; 使用场景及目标:①应用于服务机器人、农业无人机、扫地机器人等需要完成区域全覆盖任务的设备路径设计;②用于学习和理解A星算法在实际路径规划中的扩展应用,特别是如何结合特定搜索策略(如螺旋)提升算法性能;③作为科研复现与算法对比实验的基础代码参考。; 阅读建议:建议结合Matlab代码逐段理解算法实现细节,重点关注A星算法与螺旋策略的切换逻辑与条件判断,并可通过修改地图环境、障碍物分布等方式进行仿真实验,进一步掌握算法适应性与优化方向。
zhilong@server:~$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list zhilong@server:~$ sudo apt update 命中:1 http://rdsource.tp-link.com/docker-ce-ubuntu/linux/ubuntu jammy InRelease 忽略:2 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy InRelease 忽略:3 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease 忽略:4 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports InRelease 忽略:5 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security InRelease 忽略:2 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy InRelease 忽略:3 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease 忽略:4 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports InRelease 忽略:5 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security InRelease 忽略:2 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy InRelease 忽略:3 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease 忽略:4 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports InRelease 忽略:5 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security InRelease 错误:2 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] 错误:3 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] 错误:4 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] 错误:5 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] 正在读取软件包列表... 完成 正在分析软件包的依赖关系树... 完成 正在读取状态信息... 完成 有 251 个软件包可以升级。请执行 ‘apt list --upgradable’ 来查看它们。 W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: http://rdsource.tp-link.com/docker-ce-ubuntu/linux/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-updates/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-backports/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-security/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-updates/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-backports/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-security/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-updates/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-backports/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-security/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-updates/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-backports/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-security/InRelease: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. W: 无法下载 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy/InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] W: 无法下载 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-updates/InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] W: 无法下载 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-backports/InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] W: 无法下载 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/dists/jammy-security/InRelease Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. Could not handshake: Error in the certificate verification. [IP: 101.6.15.130 443] W: 部分索引文件下载失败。如果忽略它们,那将转而使用旧的索引文件。
09-28
你已经修改了 `/etc/apt/sources.list`,但仍然看到: ``` Certificate verification failed: The certificate is NOT trusted. The certificate issuer is unknown. W: No system certificates available. Try installing ca-certificates. ``` 这说明:**你的系统缺少根证书支持(`ca-certificates` 包未安装或损坏)**,导致 APT 无法验证 HTTPS 站点的合法性,即使源地址写对了也没用。 --- ## 🔍 根本原因 - 你使用的是 `https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu`(HTTPS) - 系统中 **没有安装 `ca-certificates`** - 导致 APT 无法验证该网站的 SSL 证书 → 拒绝连接 - 所以 `apt update` 失败,无法下载任何包(包括你想装的 `libtool-bin`) > 🚨 这是一个“死锁”问题: > > - 要安装 `ca-certificates` → 需要网络和 APT 正常工作 > - 但 APT 因为没有证书 → 不能访问 HTTPS 源 > - 所以无法安装 `ca-certificates` --- ## ✅ 解决方案:临时切换到 HTTP 源绕过证书验证 ### ✅ 步骤 1:编辑源文件,将 HTTPS 改为 HTTP ```bash sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list ``` 将所有 `https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu` 替换为: ```txt http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu ``` ✅ 修改后的内容应如下: ```txt # 清华大学开源软件镜像站 - Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy) deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse ``` > ⚠️ 注意: > - 使用 `http://`(不是 https) > - URL 和路径之间不要多加斜杠 `/` > - 例如是 `http://mirrors.tuna.../ubuntu jammy`,不是 `/ubuntu/ jammy` 保存退出:`Ctrl+O` → 回车 → `Ctrl+X` --- ### ✅ 步骤 2:更新软件包列表(现在走 HTTP,无需证书) ```bash sudo apt update ``` 你现在应该能看到成功获取索引,不再报证书错误! 输出类似: ``` 获取:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy InRelease [265 kB] ... 已下载 2,345 kB,耗时 1(2,345 kB/s) 正在读取软件包列表... 完成 ``` ✅ 成功! --- ### ✅ 步骤 3:安装 `ca-certificates` ```bash sudo apt install -y ca-certificates ``` 这个包会安装系统的信任根证书库(位于 `/etc/ssl/certs/`),让后续 HTTPS 请求可以被正确验证。 --- ### ✅ 步骤 4:【可选】改回 HTTPS 源(更安全) 再次编辑: ```bash sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list ``` 把 `http://` 改成 `https://`: ```txt deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse ``` 保存后更新: ```bash sudo apt update ``` ✅ 现在不会再有证书错误了,因为 `ca-certificates` 已安装。 --- ### ✅ 步骤 5:安装你需要的工具 ```bash sudo apt install -y libtool-bin ``` 验证: ```bash libtool --version libtoolize --version ``` 你应该看到版本信息输出,表示安装成功。 --- ## 💡 额外建议 ### 1. 修复 Docker CE 源警告(非关键) 你看到这一行: ``` W: Key is stored in legacy trusted.gpg keyring (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg), see the DEPRECATION section in apt-key(8) for details. ``` 这是告诉你:**不要再用 `apt-key add` 添加 GPG 密钥**,应该改用单独的 `.gpg` 文件 + `.list` 源配置。 如果你以后要添加 Docker 源,推荐做法是: ```bash # 下载密钥到指定位置 curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg # 创建源文件 echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu jammy stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null ``` 然后运行 `sudo apt update` 就不会有警告了。 --- ## ✅ 总结流程 | 步骤 | 命令 | |------|------| | 1. 改源为 HTTP | `sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list` → `http://...` | | 2. 更新索引 | `sudo apt update` | | 3. 安装证书包 | `sudo apt install ca-certificates` | | 4. (可选)改回 HTTPS | 再次编辑 sources.list → `https://...` | | 5. 安装目标工具 | `sudo apt install libtool-bin` | ---
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