Weaviate语义搜索实战:构建智能搜索引擎

Weaviate语义搜索实战:构建智能搜索引擎

【免费下载链接】weaviate Weaviate is an open source vector database that stores both objects and vectors, allowing for combining vector search with structured filtering with the fault-tolerance and scalability of a cloud-native database, all accessible through GraphQL, REST, and various language clients. 【免费下载链接】weaviate 项目地址: https://gitcode.com/GitHub_Trending/we/weaviate

引言:为什么需要语义搜索?

在传统的关键词搜索中,系统只能匹配字面相同的词汇。但现实世界的搜索需求往往更加复杂——用户可能使用不同的词汇表达相同的意思,或者需要理解查询的深层语义。这就是语义搜索(Semantic Search)的价值所在。

Weaviate作为开源向量数据库,通过将文本转换为高维向量表示,实现了真正的语义理解能力。本文将带你从零开始构建一个完整的智能搜索引擎。

Weaviate核心概念解析

向量嵌入(Vector Embeddings)

mermaid

核心组件架构

mermaid

环境准备与安装

Docker部署方案

# 使用Docker Compose部署Weaviate
version: '3.4'
services:
  weaviate:
    image: semitechnologies/weaviate:latest
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"
    environment:
      - QUERY_DEFAULTS_LIMIT=25
      - AUTHENTICATION_ANONYMOUS_ACCESS_ENABLED=true
      - PERSISTENCE_DATA_PATH=/var/lib/weaviate
      - DEFAULT_VECTORIZER_MODULE=text2vec-transformers
    volumes:
      - weaviate_data:/var/lib/weaviate

volumes:
  weaviate_data:

客户端库安装

# Python客户端安装
pip install weaviate-client

# Node.js客户端安装
npm install weaviate-client

# Go客户端安装
go get github.com/weaviate/weaviate-go-client/v4

构建知识库Schema设计

文章类Schema定义

import weaviate

client = weaviate.Client("http://localhost:8080")

article_schema = {
    "class": "Article",
    "properties": [
        {
            "name": "title",
            "dataType": ["text"],
            "description": "文章标题"
        },
        {
            "name": "content", 
            "dataType": ["text"],
            "description": "文章内容"
        },
        {
            "name": "category",
            "dataType": ["string"],
            "description": "文章分类"
        },
        {
            "name": "publishDate",
            "dataType": ["date"],
            "description": "发布日期"
        }
    ],
    "vectorizer": "text2vec-transformers"
}

client.schema.create_class(article_schema)

数据导入与向量化

批量导入数据

import json
from datetime import datetime

# 示例数据
articles = [
    {
        "title": "人工智能在医疗诊断中的应用",
        "content": "人工智能技术正在革命性地改变医疗诊断领域...",
        "category": "医疗科技",
        "publishDate": "2024-01-15T00:00:00Z"
    },
    {
        "title": "机器学习算法优化策略",
        "content": "本文探讨了各种机器学习算法的性能优化方法...",
        "category": "技术教程", 
        "publishDate": "2024-02-20T00:00:00Z"
    }
]

# 批量导入
with client.batch as batch:
    for i, article in enumerate(articles):
        batch.add_data_object(
            data_object=article,
            class_name="Article",
            uuid=weaviate.util.generate_uuid5(article)
        )

语义搜索实战

基础语义搜索

# 简单语义搜索
def semantic_search(query, limit=10):
    response = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content", "category"])
        .with_near_text({"concepts": [query]})
        .with_limit(limit)
        .do()
    )
    return response["data"]["Get"]["Article"]

# 示例搜索
results = semantic_search("AI医疗技术")
for result in results:
    print(f"标题: {result['title']}")
    print(f"分类: {result['category']}")
    print("---")

混合搜索:语义+关键词

# 混合搜索示例
def hybrid_search(query, alpha=0.5):
    response = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content", "category"])
        .with_hybrid(
            query=query,
            alpha=alpha,  # 0=纯关键词, 1=纯语义
            properties=["title^2", "content"]  # 权重配置
        )
        .with_limit(10)
        .do()
    )
    return response["data"]["Get"]["Article"]

带过滤的语义搜索

# 带过滤条件的语义搜索
def filtered_semantic_search(query, category=None, date_range=None):
    query_builder = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content", "category", "publishDate"])
        .with_near_text({"concepts": [query]})
    )
    
    # 添加分类过滤
    if category:
        query_builder = query_builder.with_where({
            "path": ["category"],
            "operator": "Equal",
            "valueString": category
        })
    
    # 添加日期范围过滤
    if date_range:
        query_builder = query_builder.with_where({
            "path": ["publishDate"],
            "operator": "GreaterThan",
            "valueDate": date_range["start"]
        })
    
    response = query_builder.with_limit(10).do()
    return response["data"]["Get"]["Article"]

高级搜索功能

多向量搜索

# 多概念搜索
def multi_concept_search(concepts, weights=None):
    if weights is None:
        weights = [1.0] * len(concepts)
    
    move_to = {
        "concepts": concepts,
        "force": 0.5
    }
    
    response = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content"])
        .with_near_text({
            "concepts": [concepts[0]],
            "moveTo": move_to,
            "certainty": 0.7
        })
        .with_limit(10)
        .do()
    )
    return response["data"]["Get"]["Article"]

语义搜索性能优化

# 搜索性能优化配置
def optimized_search(query, use_cache=True):
    response = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content"])
        .with_near_text({"concepts": [query]})
        .with_limit(10)
        .with_additional(["certainty", "distance"])
        .with_autocut(1)  # 自动截断不相关结果
    )
    
    if use_cache:
        response = response.with_consistency_level("ONE")
    
    return response.do()

搜索结果分析与排序

搜索结果评分机制

mermaid

自定义排序策略

def custom_ranking_search(query, boost_params=None):
    if boost_params is None:
        boost_params = {
            "title": 2.0,    # 标题权重加倍
            "content": 1.0,
            "category": 0.5
        }
    
    response = (
        client.query
        .get("Article", ["title", "content", "category"])
        .with_near_text({"concepts": [query]})
        .with_limit(10)
        .with_additional(["score"])
        .with_autocut(1)
    )
    
    return response.do()

实战案例:智能文档检索系统

系统架构设计

mermaid

完整实现代码

class IntelligentSearchSystem:
    def __init__(self, weaviate_url="http://localhost:8080"):
        self.client = weaviate.Client(weaviate_url)
        self.setup_schema()
    
    def setup_schema(self):
        # 确保Schema存在
        try:
            schema = self.client.schema.get()
            existing_classes = [cls["class"] for cls in schema["classes"]]
            if "Document" not in existing_classes:
                self.create_document_schema()
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Schema设置失败: {e}")
    
    def create_document_schema(self):
        schema = {
            "class": "Document",
            "properties": [
                {"name": "title", "dataType": ["text"]},
                {"name": "content", "dataType": ["text"]},
                {"name": "docType", "dataType": ["string"]},
                {"name": "uploadDate", "dataType": ["date"]},
                {"name": "keywords", "dataType": ["string[]"]}
            ],
            "vectorizer": "text2vec-transformers"
        }
        self.client.schema.create_class(schema)
    
    def index_document(self, document_data):
        """索引单个文档"""
        with self.client.batch as batch:
            batch.add_data_object(
                data_object=document_data,
                class_name="Document",
                uuid=weaviate.util.generate_uuid5(document_data)
            )
    
    def search_documents(self, query, filters=None, limit=10):
        """智能文档搜索"""
        query_builder = (
            self.client.query
            .get("Document", ["title", "content", "docType", "keywords"])
            .with_near_text({"concepts": [query]})
            .with_limit(limit)
            .with_additional(["certainty", "distance"])
        )
        
        if filters:
            where_clauses = []
            for field, value in filters.items():
                where_clauses.append({
                    "path": [field],
                    "operator": "Equal",
                    "valueString": value
                })
            query_builder = query_builder.with_where({
                "operator": "And",
                "operands": where_clauses
            })
        
        response = query_builder.do()
        return response["data"]["Get"]["Document"]
    
    def get_search_metrics(self):
        """获取搜索性能指标"""
        metrics = self.client.metrics.get()
        return metrics

性能优化与最佳实践

索引优化策略

优化策略实施方法预期效果
批量导入使用batch操作减少网络开销,提升导入速度
向量化缓存启用缓存机制减少重复计算,提升搜索响应
分片策略合理设置分片数优化分布式性能
索引类型选择合适索引算法平衡精度与性能

内存与存储优化

# 内存优化配置
optimization_config = {
    "vectorIndexConfig": {
        "maxConnections": 64,
        "efConstruction": 128,
        "ef": 256,
        "dynamicEfFactor": 8,
        "vectorCacheMaxObjects": 1000000
    },
    "replicationFactor": 1,
    "sharding": {
        "desiredCount": 3,
        "actualCount": 3,
        "desiredVirtualCount": 12,
        "actualVirtualCount": 12
    }
}

故障排除与监控

常见问题解决方案

mermaid

监控指标收集

def monitor_system_health():
    """系统健康监控"""
    health = client.misc.health_check()
    metrics = client.metrics.get()
    stats = client.misc.meta_get()
    
    return {
        "health_status": health,
        "performance_metrics": metrics,
        "system_stats": stats
    }

总结与展望

通过本实战教程,我们深入探讨了Weaviate在语义搜索领域的强大能力。从环境部署、Schema设计到高级搜索功能的实现,我们构建了一个完整的智能搜索引擎。

关键收获

  • ✅ 掌握了Weaviate的核心概念和架构
  • ✅ 学会了如何设计和优化向量数据库Schema
  • ✅ 实现了多种语义搜索模式(基础、混合、过滤)
  • ✅ 构建了完整的智能文档检索系统
  • ✅ 了解了性能优化和监控的最佳实践

未来发展方向

随着AI技术的不断发展,语义搜索将在更多场景中发挥重要作用。Weaviate作为开源向量数据库,将持续演进并提供更强大的功能:

  1. 多模态搜索:支持图像、音频等非文本数据的语义搜索
  2. 实时搜索:更低的延迟和更高的并发处理能力
  3. 自动化优化:基于机器学习的自动参数调优
  4. 生态系统集成:与更多AI框架和工具的无缝集成

语义搜索技术正在重塑信息检索的方式,而Weaviate为开发者提供了强大且易用的工具来构建下一代智能搜索应用。

【免费下载链接】weaviate Weaviate is an open source vector database that stores both objects and vectors, allowing for combining vector search with structured filtering with the fault-tolerance and scalability of a cloud-native database, all accessible through GraphQL, REST, and various language clients. 【免费下载链接】weaviate 项目地址: https://gitcode.com/GitHub_Trending/we/weaviate

创作声明:本文部分内容由AI辅助生成(AIGC),仅供参考

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