3分钟上手Playwright Python:API自动化测试从入门到实战

3分钟上手Playwright Python:API自动化测试从入门到实战

【免费下载链接】playwright-python Python version of the Playwright testing and automation library. 【免费下载链接】playwright-python 项目地址: https://gitcode.com/GitHub_Trending/pl/playwright-python

你是否还在为API测试工具配置复杂而烦恼?是否在寻找一个既能处理HTTP请求又能集成浏览器自动化的全能解决方案?本文将带你3分钟入门Playwright Python的API测试功能,从环境搭建到实战案例,让你快速掌握RESTful API自动化验证的核心技巧。读完本文后,你将能够独立编写API测试脚本、处理认证授权、验证响应数据,并集成到你的测试流程中。

为什么选择Playwright Python进行API测试

Playwright作为微软开源的自动化测试工具,不仅提供了强大的浏览器自动化能力,还内置了专门的API测试模块。与传统的API测试工具相比,它具有以下优势:

  • 一体化解决方案:无需同时维护UI测试和API测试两套工具链
  • 强大的请求处理:支持所有HTTP方法,自动处理JSON序列化和解析
  • 灵活的认证机制:内置Cookie管理、HTTP认证、Token认证等多种方式
  • 详细的响应验证:可以轻松获取状态码、响应头、响应体等完整信息
  • 与浏览器测试无缝集成:API测试和UI测试可以共享上下文,实现端到端测试

API测试核心功能由playwright/_impl/_fetch.py模块提供,该模块定义了APIRequestAPIRequestContext等关键类,为API测试提供了坚实的基础。

环境准备与快速开始

安装Playwright Python

首先确保你的环境中已安装Python 3.7或更高版本,然后通过pip安装Playwright:

pip install playwright
playwright install

第二条命令会自动安装所需的浏览器驱动,虽然我们主要使用API测试功能,但这一步是必要的。

第一个API测试脚本

创建一个简单的API测试脚本,验证JSONPlaceholder的示例API:

from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

def test_api_basics():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        # 创建API请求上下文
        api_context = p.request.new_context(base_url="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com")
        
        # 发送GET请求
        response = api_context.get("/todos/1")
        
        # 验证响应状态码
        assert response.status == 200, f"Expected status 200, got {response.status}"
        
        # 解析JSON响应
        todo = response.json()
        
        # 验证响应内容
        assert todo["userId"] == 1, "User ID mismatch"
        assert todo["title"] == "delectus aut autem", "Title mismatch"
        
        print("API test passed!")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_api_basics()

这个简单的脚本展示了Playwright API测试的基本流程:创建上下文、发送请求、验证响应。完整的API请求接口定义可以在playwright/sync_api/_generated.py中找到,该文件包含了所有同步API的类型定义。

API测试核心功能详解

请求方法与参数处理

Playwright支持所有常用的HTTP方法,包括GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等。这些方法通过APIRequestContext对象提供,如playwright/sync_api/_generated.py中定义的:

class APIRequestContext:
    def get(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> APIResponse: ...
    def post(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> APIResponse: ...
    def put(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> APIResponse: ...
    def delete(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> APIResponse: ...
    # 更多方法...

发送POST请求并附带JSON数据的示例:

# 发送POST请求创建新资源
new_todo = {
    "userId": 1,
    "title": "Learn Playwright API testing",
    "completed": False
}

response = api_context.post(
    "/todos",
    json=new_todo,  # 自动序列化为JSON并设置Content-Type头
    headers={"Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_TOKEN"}
)

assert response.status == 201, "Failed to create todo"
created_todo = response.json()
assert created_todo["title"] == new_todo["title"]

响应验证与错误处理

Playwright提供了丰富的响应验证方式。除了直接检查状态码和响应内容外,还可以使用断言API进行更复杂的验证:

# 验证响应状态码
assert response.ok, f"Request failed with status {response.status}"

# 获取响应头
content_type = response.headers["content-type"]
assert "application/json" in content_type, "Expected JSON response"

# 处理错误响应
if not response.ok:
    error_details = response.json()
    print(f"API Error: {error_details}")
    # 可以在这里添加更复杂的错误处理逻辑

响应对象的详细定义在playwright/sync_api/_generated.pyResponse类中,包含了获取响应头、状态码、响应体等方法。

认证与授权处理

Playwright支持多种认证方式,包括HTTP基本认证、Bearer Token、Cookie认证等:

# HTTP基本认证
api_context = p.request.new_context(
    http_credentials={"username": "user", "password": "pass"}
)

# Bearer Token认证
api_context = p.request.new_context(
    extra_http_headers={"Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_TOKEN"}
)

# Cookie认证
# 先通过登录API获取Cookie,然后在后续请求中自动携带

tests/async/test_fetch_global.py中可以找到更多认证相关的测试案例,例如HTTP基本认证的测试:

async def test_should_work_with_correct_credentials_and_matching_origin(
    playwright: Playwright, server: Server
) -> None:
    server.set_auth("/empty.html", "user", "pass")
    request = await playwright.request.new_context(
        http_credentials={
            "username": "user",
            "password": "pass",
            "origin": server.PREFIX,
        }
    )
    response = await request.get(server.EMPTY_PAGE)
    assert response.status == 200

请求拦截与模拟

Playwright允许你拦截和修改请求,这对于测试错误处理、模拟后端响应等场景非常有用:

def test_mock_api_response():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        api_context = p.request.new_context(base_url="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com")
        
        # 拦截所有对/todos的请求
        def handle_route(route):
            # 模拟响应
            route.fulfill(
                status=200,
                content_type="application/json",
                body=json.dumps([{"id": 1, "title": "Mocked todo"}])
            )
        
        api_context.route("/todos", handle_route)
        
        # 发送请求,将被拦截并返回模拟响应
        response = api_context.get("/todos")
        todos = response.json()
        
        assert len(todos) == 1
        assert todos[0]["title"] == "Mocked todo"

高级功能与最佳实践

测试数据管理

对于更复杂的测试场景,建议将测试数据与测试逻辑分离:

import json

def load_test_data(file_path):
    with open(file_path, "r") as f:
        return json.load(f)

def test_with_external_data():
    test_data = load_test_data("api_test_data.json")
    
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        api_context = p.request.new_context(base_url=test_data["base_url"])
        
        for test_case in test_data["test_cases"]:
            response = api_context.request(test_case["method"], 
                                          test_case["endpoint"],
                                          data=test_case.get("data"))
            
            assert response.status == test_case["expected_status"], \
                f"Test failed for {test_case['name']}"

报告与集成

Playwright可以与pytest等测试框架集成,生成详细的测试报告:

# test_api.py
import pytest
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def api_context():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        yield p.request.new_context(base_url="https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com")

def test_get_todo(api_context):
    response = api_context.get("/todos/1")
    assert response.status == 200
    todo = response.json()
    assert todo["id"] == 1

def test_create_todo(api_context):
    new_todo = {"title": "Test todo", "completed": False}
    response = api_context.post("/todos", json=new_todo)
    assert response.status == 201

然后使用pytest运行测试并生成报告:

pytest test_api.py -v --html=api_test_report.html

性能与可靠性优化

为了提高API测试的性能和可靠性,可以采用以下最佳实践:

  1. 复用请求上下文:避免为每个测试创建新的上下文
  2. 设置合理的超时:根据API响应时间调整超时设置
  3. 处理重试逻辑:利用Playwright的重试机制处理临时故障
  4. 并行执行测试:使用pytest-xdist等工具并行运行测试
# 设置超时和重试
api_context = p.request.new_context(
    timeout=30000,  # 30秒超时
    max_retries=2   # 最多重试2次
)

实战案例:完整的API测试流程

下面是一个完整的API测试案例,涵盖了从创建资源到删除资源的整个流程:

def test_api_crud_operations():
    with sync_playwright() as p:
        base_url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
        api_context = p.request.new_context(base_url=base_url)
        
        # 1. 创建新资源
        new_post = {
            "title": "Playwright API Test",
            "body": "This is a test post created with Playwright",
            "userId": 1
        }
        create_response = api_context.post("/posts", json=new_post)
        assert create_response.status == 201, "Failed to create post"
        created_post = create_response.json()
        post_id = created_post["id"]
        
        # 2. 获取创建的资源
        get_response = api_context.get(f"/posts/{post_id}")
        assert get_response.status == 200, "Failed to get post"
        retrieved_post = get_response.json()
        assert retrieved_post["title"] == new_post["title"], "Title mismatch"
        
        # 3. 更新资源
        update_data = {"title": "Updated Title"}
        update_response = api_context.patch(f"/posts/{post_id}", json=update_data)
        assert update_response.status == 200, "Failed to update post"
        updated_post = update_response.json()
        assert updated_post["title"] == update_data["title"], "Update failed"
        
        # 4. 删除资源
        delete_response = api_context.delete(f"/posts/{post_id}")
        assert delete_response.status == 200, "Failed to delete post"
        
        # 5. 验证资源已删除
        get_after_delete = api_context.get(f"/posts/{post_id}")
        assert get_after_delete.status == 404, "Post should be deleted"
        
        print("CRUD operations test passed!")

这个案例展示了如何使用Playwright Python进行完整的API测试,包括创建、读取、更新和删除操作。在实际项目中,你可以根据需要扩展这个基础框架,添加更复杂的验证逻辑和错误处理。

总结与进阶学习

通过本文的介绍,你已经掌握了Playwright Python API测试的基本用法和最佳实践。Playwright提供的API测试功能不仅功能强大,而且与浏览器自动化无缝集成,为端到端测试提供了统一的解决方案。

要深入学习Playwright API测试,可以参考以下资源:

随着你的API测试需求不断增长,你可以探索Playwright的更多高级功能,如请求录制与重放、性能测试、安全测试等。Playwright的灵活性和强大功能将帮助你构建更可靠、更全面的API测试解决方案。

最后,记住API测试不仅仅是验证状态码和响应内容,更重要的是确保API的行为符合预期,能够处理各种边界情况和错误条件。通过Playwright Python,你可以构建出既强大又灵活的API测试框架,为你的应用程序质量保驾护航。

【免费下载链接】playwright-python Python version of the Playwright testing and automation library. 【免费下载链接】playwright-python 项目地址: https://gitcode.com/GitHub_Trending/pl/playwright-python

创作声明:本文部分内容由AI辅助生成(AIGC),仅供参考

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