本文详细探讨了操作系统如何与硬件设备进行交互，包括处理器、内存管理、输入输出操作等核心概念，为开发者提供深入理解操作系统与硬件底层交互的指南。
查看处理器是32位还是64位
#cat /proc/cpuinfo
检查flags行中有没有lm标记，lm是Long Mode的简写，表示支持64位模式。
#getconf LONG_BIT
输出：32
#getconf WORD_BIT
输出：32
32位的系统中int类型和long类型一般都是4字节，64位的系统中int类型还是4字节的，但是long已变成了8字节inux系统中可用"getconf WORD_BIT"和"getconf LONG_BIT"获得word和long的位数。64位系统中应该分别得到32和64。
#uname -a
如果有x86_64就是64位的，没有就是32位的
#file /sbin/init
32-bit即是32位的 linux, 如是64位的, 显示的是 64-bit
#file /bin/cat
同上
#uname -m
输出i386就是32位，x86_64就是64位
#echo $HOSTTYPE
同上
#getconf -a
更详细的信息
更详细的信息
#getconf -a
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[root@localhost ~]# getconf -a LINK_MAX 32000 _POSIX_LINK_MAX 32000 MAX_CANON 255 _POSIX_MAX_CANON 255 MAX_INPUT 255 _POSIX_MAX_INPUT 255 NAME_MAX 255 _POSIX_NAME_MAX 255 PATH_MAX 4096 _POSIX_PATH_MAX 4096 PIPE_BUF 4096 _POSIX_PIPE_BUF 4096 SOCK_MAXBUF _POSIX_ASYNC_IO _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED 1 _POSIX_NO_TRUNC 1 _POSIX_PRIO_IO _POSIX_SYNC_IO _POSIX_VDISABLE 0 ARG_MAX 2621440 ATEXIT_MAX 2147483647 CHAR_BIT 8 CHAR_MAX 127 CHAR_MIN -128 CHILD_MAX 1024 CLK_TCK 100 INT_MAX 2147483647 INT_MIN -2147483648 IOV_MAX 1024 LOGNAME_MAX 256 LONG_BIT 32 MB_LEN_MAX 16 NGROUPS_MAX 65536 NL_ARGMAX 4096 NL_LANGMAX 2048 NL_MSGMAX 2147483647 NL_NMAX 2147483647 NL_SETMAX 2147483647 NL_TEXTMAX 2147483647 NSS_BUFLEN_GROUP 1024 NSS_BUFLEN_PASSWD 1024 NZERO 20 OPEN_MAX 1024 PAGESIZE 4096 PAGE_SIZE 4096 PASS_MAX 8192 PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS 4 PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX 1024 PTHREAD_STACK_MIN 16384 PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX SCHAR_MAX 127 SCHAR_MIN -128 SHRT_MAX 32767 SHRT_MIN -32768 SSIZE_MAX 32767 TTY_NAME_MAX 32 TZNAME_MAX 6 UCHAR_MAX 255 UINT_MAX 4294967295 UIO_MAXIOV 1024 ULONG_MAX 4294967295 USHRT_MAX 65535 WORD_BIT 32 _AVPHYS_PAGES 65515 _NPROCESSORS_CONF 1 _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 1 _PHYS_PAGES 127775 _POSIX_ARG_MAX 2621440 _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO 200809 _POSIX_CHILD_MAX 1024 _POSIX_FSYNC 200809 _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL 1 _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES 200809 _POSIX_MEMLOCK 200809 _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE 200809 _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION 200809 _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING 200809 _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX 65536 _POSIX_OPEN_MAX 1024 _POSIX_PII _POSIX_PII_INTERNET _POSIX_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM _POSIX_PII_INTERNET_STREAM _POSIX_PII_OSI _POSIX_PII_OSI_CLTS _POSIX_PII_OSI_COTS _POSIX_PII_OSI_M _POSIX_PII_SOCKET _POSIX_PII_XTI _POSIX_POLL _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO 200809 _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809 _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS 200809 _POSIX_SAVED_IDS 1 _POSIX_SELECT _POSIX_SEMAPHORES 200809 _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS 200809 _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX 32767 _POSIX_STREAM_MAX 16 _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO 200809 _POSIX_THREADS 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS 200809 _POSIX_TIMERS 200809 TIMER_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX 6 _POSIX_VERSION 200809 _T_IOV_MAX _XOPEN_CRYPT 1 _XOPEN_ENH_I18N 1 _XOPEN_LEGACY 1 _XOPEN_REALTIME 1 _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS 1 _XOPEN_SHM 1 _XOPEN_UNIX 1 _XOPEN_VERSION 700 _XOPEN_XCU_VERSION 4 _XOPEN_XPG2 1 _XOPEN_XPG3 1 _XOPEN_XPG4 1 BC_BASE_MAX 99 BC_DIM_MAX 2048 BC_SCALE_MAX 99 BC_STRING_MAX 1000 CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX 2048 COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX 255 EQUIV_CLASS_MAX EXPR_NEST_MAX 32 LINE_MAX 2048 POSIX2_BC_BASE_MAX 99 POSIX2_BC_DIM_MAX 2048 POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX 99 POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX 1000 POSIX2_CHAR_TERM 200809 POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX 255 POSIX2_C_BIND 200809 POSIX2_C_DEV 200809 POSIX2_C_VERSION POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX 32 POSIX2_FORT_DEV POSIX2_FORT_RUN _POSIX2_LINE_MAX 2048 POSIX2_LINE_MAX 2048 POSIX2_LOCALEDEF 200809 POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX 32767 POSIX2_SW_DEV 200809 POSIX2_UPE POSIX2_VERSION 200809 RE_DUP_MAX 32767 PATH /bin:/usr/binCS_PATH /bin:/usr/binLFS_CFLAGS -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 LFS_LDFLAGS LFS_LIBS LFS_LINTFLAGS -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 LFS64_CFLAGS -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE LFS64_LDFLAGS LFS64_LIBS LFS64_LINTFLAGS -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE _XBS5_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG XBS5_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG _XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 1 XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS -m32 XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS -m32 XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS _XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG 1 XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS -m32 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS -m32 XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _XBS5_LP64_OFF64 XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS _XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 1 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG 1 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS -m32 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32 1 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG _POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG 1 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS -m32 -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS -m32 POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64 POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO 200809 _POSIX_BARRIERS 200809 _POSIX_BASE _POSIX_C_LANG_SUPPORT _POSIX_C_LANG_SUPPORT_R _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION 200809 _POSIX_CPUTIME 200809 _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME 200809 _POSIX_DEVICE_SPECIFIC _POSIX_DEVICE_SPECIFIC_R _POSIX_FD_MGMT _POSIX_FIFO _POSIX_PIPE _POSIX_FILE_ATTRIBUTES _POSIX_FILE_LOCKING _POSIX_FILE_SYSTEM _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK 200809 _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS _POSIX_SINGLE_PROCESS _POSIX_NETWORKING _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS 200809 _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS 200809 _POSIX_REGEXP 1 _REGEX_VERSION _POSIX_SHELL 1 _POSIX_SIGNALS _POSIX_SPAWN 200809 _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER _POSIX_SYSTEM_DATABASE _POSIX_SYSTEM_DATABASE_R _POSIX_TIMEOUTS 200809 _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS _POSIX_USER_GROUPS _POSIX_USER_GROUPS_R POSIX2_PBS POSIX2_PBS_ACCOUNTING POSIX2_PBS_LOCATE POSIX2_PBS_TRACK POSIX2_PBS_MESSAGE SYMLOOP_MAX STREAM_MAX 16 AIO_LISTIO_MAX AIO_MAX AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX 20 DELAYTIMER_MAX 2147483647 HOST_NAME_MAX 64 LOGIN_NAME_MAX 256 MQ_OPEN_MAX MQ_PRIO_MAX 32768 _POSIX_DEVICE_IO _POSIX_TRACE _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT _POSIX_TRACE_LOG RTSIG_MAX 32 SEM_NSEMS_MAX SEM_VALUE_MAX 2147483647 SIGQUEUE_MAX 3873 FILESIZEBITS 64 POSIX_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN 4096 POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE 4096 POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN 4096 SYMLINK_MAX GNU_LIBC_VERSION glibc 2.12 GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION NPTL 2.12 POSIX2_SYMLINKS 1 LEVEL1_ICACHE_SIZE 32768 LEVEL1_ICACHE_ASSOC 8 LEVEL1_ICACHE_LINESIZE 64 LEVEL1_DCACHE_SIZE 32768 LEVEL1_DCACHE_ASSOC 8 LEVEL1_DCACHE_LINESIZE 64 LEVEL2_CACHE_SIZE 262144 LEVEL2_CACHE_ASSOC 8 LEVEL2_CACHE_LINESIZE 64 LEVEL3_CACHE_SIZE 3145728 LEVEL3_CACHE_ASSOC 12 LEVEL3_CACHE_LINESIZE 64 LEVEL4_CACHE_SIZE 0 LEVEL4_CACHE_ASSOC 0 LEVEL4_CACHE_LINESIZE 0 IPV6 200809 RAW_SOCKETS 200809 |
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