62 Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-13 20:32:39 发布

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62 Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena
(Visual Illusion · Optische Täuschung)

by Michael Bach

These pages demonstrate visual phenomena and »optical illusions« or »visual illusions«. The latter is more appropriate, because most effects have their basis in the visual pathway, not in the optics of the eye. I selected these based on relative novelty and interactivity. When I find the time I will expand the explanations , to the degree that these phenomena are really understood; any nice and thoughtful comment welcome.

Most visitors of this site are no vision scientists, so you might find the explanatory attempts too highbrow. That is not on purpose, but vision research just is not trivial, like any science. So, if the explanation sounds like rubbish, simply enjoy the phenomenon ;–).

»Optical illusion« sounds pejorative, as if exposing a malfunction of the visual system. Rather, I view these phenomena as bringing out particular good adaptations of our visual system to standard viewing situations. These adaptations are »hard-wired« into our brains, and thus under some artificial manipulations can cause inappropriate interpretations of the visual scene. Or, as Purkinje put it: »Illusions of the senses tell us the truth about perception« (cited by Teuber, 1960).

Before we delve in, I’d like to express my thanks to the many visitors who went out of their way to give overwhelmingly positive feedback, adding constructive advice on content, style and typography; please do keep it coming! I have also been able to improve explanations when convincing scientific evidence was sent ;-). Yes, it does take sizable resources to set up and maintain this, but it is also very rewarding, bringing me into contact with so many charming fellow human beings. Should you want to give back, simply link to this page or use the donation link ;-). Any advice is appreciated – and, yes, for a non-native speaker, English does represent sizable challenges.

[Für Deutsche: »Optische Illusionen« halte ich für eine Fehlübersetzung aus dem Englischen, aber ich mache mir keine Illusionen [sic], dass der treffendere Begriff »Täuschung« sich wieder durchsetzen könne… ;-)]

Motion & Time

»Stepping feet« illusion 1 – strong, beautiful and (relatively) easy to understand
Motion Induced Blindness – an unexplained optical illusion of disappearing dots
Stereokinetic Phenomenon – an optical illusion of 3D from motion (aka »kinetic depth effect«)
»Rotating Snake« Illusion – with a new explanatory twist
Pinna-Brelstaff Illusion
Motion Aftereffect – also known as »waterfall effect«
Spoke Illusion – a motion illusion + an unexpected (?) aftereffect
Stroboscopic Artifacts – making a teaching point out of a nuisance
Sigma Motion – an optical illusion due to an interaction of image dynamics and eye movements
Eye Jitter – more on eye movements, involuntary ones
Biological Motion – for me the most beautiful class of visual illusions
Flash-lag Effect – moving and stationary objects perceived at different times
Ramp Aftereffect – an aftereffect in time
Enigma by Isia Leviant
Reverse Phi Motion – something for the specialist
»Stepping feet« illusion 2 – radial version of »Stepping feet 1«, weaker
Motion-Bounce Illusion – sound influencing perception of motion (crossmodally)
Motion Binding
Missing-fundamental motion inversion
Frequency-doubling illusion

Luminance & Contrast

Hermann’s Grid – fleeting luminance illusions
Hermann’s Grid bent – a new twist, refuting the classical explanation
Scintillating Grid – strong fleeting luminance illusions
Induced grating – classical brightness contrast
Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet – collaboration of retina & cortex
Wertheimer-Koffka-Ring – pitting Gestalt vs. lateral inhibition
Simultaneous Contrast – here dynamic
Pyramid Illusion – Vasarely revealed
Munker-White Illusion – contrary to lateral inhibition
Adelson’s »Corrugated Plaid« – context affecting brightness
Adelson’s »Checker Shadow« illusion – more context affecting brightness
Contrast Constancy – demonstrating space-average-based contrast gain control
Contrast Gain Control – demonstrating temporal contrast gain control
Visual Acuity ↔ Hyperacuity

Colour

»Lilac Chaser« – a rapid aftereffect, you pursue colours which aren't really there
Benham’s Top – colour from spatio-temporal patterns
Neon Colour Spreading
Structure from motion – fails at equiluminance