今天在hardhat环境中使用etherjs调用智能合约出现了cannot estimate gas; transaction may fail or may require manual gas limit这样的错误排查了一天，这里记录一下排查的步骤。
网络环境是georli测试网
方法调用和报错如下：
let tx2 = await gravatarWithSigner.createGravatar('Lucas2', 'https://thegraph.com/img/team/bw_Lucas.jpg');
Uncaught:
<ref *1> Error: cannot estimate gas; transaction may fail or may require manual gas limit [ See: https://links.ethers.org/v5-errors-UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT ] (error={"reason":"execution reverted","code":"UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT","method":"estimateGas","transaction":{"from":"0xBA8B604410ca76AF86BDA9B00Eb53B65AC4c41AC","maxPriorityFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x59682f00"},"maxFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x5968464a"},"to":"0x964F658FC863BAceFC719b85e8730fbc11c86ce4","data":"0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","type":2,"accessList":null},"error":{"name":"ProviderError","_stack":"ProviderError: HttpProviderError\n at HttpProvider.request (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\hardhat\\src\\internal\\core\\providers\\http.ts:78:19)\n at LocalAccountsProvider.request (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\hardhat\\src\\internal\\core\\providers\\accounts.ts:187:34)\n at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5)\n at async EthersProviderWrapper.send (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\@nomiclabs\\hardhat-ethers\\src\\internal\\ethers-provider-wrapper.ts:13:20)","code":-32000,"_isProviderError":true}}, tx={"data":"0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","to":{},"from":"0xBA8B604410ca76AF86BDA9B00Eb53B65AC4c41AC","type":2,"maxFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x5968464a"},"maxPriorityFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x59682f00"},"nonce":{},"gasLimit":{},"chainId":{}}, code=UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT, version=abstract-signer/5.7.0)
at Logger.throwError (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\logger\src.ts\index.ts:281:20)
at Logger.makeError (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\logger\src.ts\index.ts:269:28) {
reason: 'cannot estimate gas; transaction may fail or may require manual gas limit',
code: 'UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT',
error: Error: cannot estimate gas; transaction may fail or may require manual gas limit [ See: https://links.ethers.org/v5-errors-UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT ] (reason="execution reverted", method="estimateGas", transaction={"from":"0xBA8B604410ca76AF86BDA9B00Eb53B65AC4c41AC","maxPriorityFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x59682f00"},"maxFeePerGas":{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"0x5968464a"},"to":"0x964F658FC863BAceFC719b85e8730fbc11c86ce4","data":"0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","type":2,"accessList":null}, error={"name":"ProviderError","_stack":"ProviderError: HttpProviderError\n at HttpProvider.request (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\hardhat\\src\\internal\\core\\providers\\http.ts:78:19)\n at LocalAccountsProvider.request (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\hardhat\\src\\internal\\core\\providers\\accounts.ts:187:34)\n at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5)\n at async EthersProviderWrapper.send (D:\\workspace\\gambo\\subgraph-example\\node_modules\\@nomiclabs\\hardhat-ethers\\src\\internal\\ethers-provider-wrapper.ts:13:20)","code":-32000,"_isProviderError":true}, code=UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT, version=providers/5.7.2)
at Logger.makeError (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\logger\src.ts\index.ts:269:28)
at Logger.throwError (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\logger\src.ts\index.ts:281:20)
at checkError (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\providers\src.ts\json-rpc-provider.ts:78:20)
at EthersProviderWrapper.<anonymous> (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\providers\src.ts\json-rpc-provider.ts:642:20)
at step (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\providers\lib\json-rpc-provider.js:48:23)
at Object.throw (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\providers\lib\json-rpc-provider.js:29:53)
at rejected (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@ethersproject\providers\lib\json-rpc-provider.js:21:65)
at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5) {
reason: 'execution reverted',
code: 'UNPREDICTABLE_GAS_LIMIT',
method: 'estimateGas',
transaction: {
from: '0xBA8B604410ca76AF86BDA9B00Eb53B65AC4c41AC',
maxPriorityFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "1500000000" },
maxFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "1500005962" },
to: '0x964F658FC863BAceFC719b85e8730fbc11c86ce4',
data: '0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
type: 2,
accessList: null
},
error: ProviderError: HttpProviderError
at HttpProvider.request (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\hardhat\src\internal\core\providers\http.ts:78:19)
at LocalAccountsProvider.request (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\hardhat\src\internal\core\providers\accounts.ts:187:34)
at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5)
at async EthersProviderWrapper.send (D:\workspace\gambo\subgraph-example\node_modules\@nomiclabs\hardhat-ethers\src\internal\ethers-provider-wrapper.ts:13:20)
},
tx: {
data: '0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
to: Promise {
'0x964F658FC863Bxxxxxxxxx85e8730fbc11c86ce4',
[Symbol(async_id_symbol)]: 1302,
[Symbol(trigger_async_id_symbol)]: 1301,
[Symbol(destroyed)]: [Object]
},
from: '0xBA8B6044xxxxxxxxDA9B00Eb53B65AC4c41AC',
type: 2,
maxFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "1500005962" },
maxPriorityFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "1500000000" },
nonce: Promise {
19,
[Symbol(async_id_symbol)]: 1517,
[Symbol(trigger_async_id_symbol)]: 1326,
[Symbol(destroyed)]: [Object]
},
gasLimit: Promise {
<rejected> [Circular *1],
[Symbol(async_id_symbol)]: 1554,
[Symbol(trigger_async_id_symbol)]: 1525,
[Symbol(destroyed)]: [Object]
},
chainId: Promise {
5,
[Symbol(async_id_symbol)]: 1555,
[Symbol(trigger_async_id_symbol)]: 1326,
[Symbol(destroyed)]: [Object]
}
}
}在网上搜索关键字很多人说是手续费的设置问题。于是增加了gasLimit和gasPrices的配置。
await gravatarWithSigner.createGravatar('Lucas2', 'https://thegraph.com/img/team/bw_Lucas.jpg', {gasLimit: 2400000,gasPrice: ethers.utils.parseUnits('9.0', 'gwei')});
{
type: 2,
chainId: 5,
nonce: 19,
maxPriorityFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "9000000000" },
maxFeePerGas: BigNumber { value: "9000000000" },
gasPrice: null,
gasLimit: BigNumber { value: "2400000" },
to: '0x9xxxxxxxxxxxxx9b85e8730fbc11c86ce4',
value: BigNumber { value: "0" },
data: '0xcdb3344a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064c75636173320000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002a68747470733a2f2f74686567726170682e636f6d2f696d672f7465616d2f62775f4c756361732e6a706700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
accessList: [],
hash: '0x212337d352d0b914e7940xxxxxxxxxxxxxx8e1f770c3a93de14fe076991eb3',
v: 0,
r: '0x0cacfxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxeb0687abbdb0f7c32322',
s: '0x73c66e3xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxb6b42020c16535d6e5977b94',
from: '0xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx',
confirmations: 0,
wait: [Function (anonymous)]
}没有报错，看似问题是解决了！但是通过返回的交易hash，在etherscan上找不到这笔交易！好像这笔交易丢失了一样！再仔细观察一下上面的报错cannot estimate gas; transaction may fail or may require manual gas limit，“交易可能失败或需要手动设置gas”，有没有可能是我们调用智能合约的时候出错了呢！
function createGravatar(string calldata _displayName, string calldata _imageUrl) public {
require(ownerToGravatar[msg.sender] == 0);
gravatars.push(Gravatar(msg.sender, _displayName, _imageUrl));
uint id = gravatars.length - 1;
gravatarToOwner[id] = msg.sender;
ownerToGravatar[msg.sender] = id;
emit NewGravatar(id, msg.sender, _displayName, _imageUrl);
}以上是我们调用的智能合约方法，通过分析代码我们发现每一个智能合约只能调用一次，于是我又调用了合约另外一个方法。此方法并不会出现交易失败的问题！然而返回的hash值依旧查询不到！
现在怀疑是账号的问题，所以尝试换个账号调用智能合约！
先通过matemask给第二个账号转一定的georli eth防止没有手续费！但是又出现了奇怪的问题！
[ethjs-query] while formatting outputs from RPC ‘{“value”:{“code”:-32000,”message”:”replacement transaction underpriced”}}’
连转账都转不出去，这就很可能是这个账号的问题了！
网上有很多人遇到过这个问题，大部分都说要增加手续费，然而我这边尝试过以后问题依旧！
最后看到这篇文章
解决replacement transaction underpriced以太坊交易异常
这里面除了手续费的问题还提到了nonce值
大体的原因就是由于这个账号前期有某一笔交易一直处于pending状态，如果这笔交易不被覆盖掉，那么后续所有的交易都无法成功。覆盖的方法就是修改交易的nonce值！
通过修改mateMask的nonce值修复replacement transaction underpriced的问题
通过修改nonce值使得交易成功后，再换第二个账号调用合约的createGravatar方法，成功调用！
再用第一个账号调用合约的其他方法，同样是成功调用！
总结一下出现cannot estimate gas或者是交易丢失的问题所在！
交易费设置的问题（并没有在本次出现的问题中的得到印证）！
排查是否是合约调用本身出现了问题。
由于当前帐号一直有交易处于pending状态需要在matemask中进行更高nonce值的交易以覆盖之前的交易。
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