一、基础语法阶段(3-4周)
1.1 开发环境搭建
-
安装G++编译器(推荐MinGW-w64/MSYS2)
-
配置VS Code/CLion开发环境
-
掌握CMake基础语法
1.2 核心语法要素
cpp
复制
// 基础类型与面向对象雏形 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // 基本类型与自动推导 int num = 42; auto pi = 3.14159; const char* msg = "Hello C++"; // 范围for循环 int arr[] {5,4,3,2,1}; for(auto& n : arr) { n *= 2; } // 函数重载 cout << "最大值:" << max(3.14, 2.71) << endl; cout << "字符串长:" << max("apple", "banana") << endl; return 0; } // 函数重载示例 template<typename T> T max(T a, T b) { return (a > b) ? a : b; } template<> const char* max(const char* a, const char* b) { return (strlen(a) > strlen(b)) ? a : b; }
1.3 类与对象基础
cpp
复制
// 银行账户类 class BankAccount { private: string owner; double balance; public: BankAccount(string name, double init = 0) : owner(name), balance(init) {} void deposit(double amount) { if(amount > 0) balance += amount; } bool withdraw(double amount) { if(amount <= balance) { balance -= amount; return true; } return false; } void print() const { cout << owner << "的余额:" << balance << endl; } }; int main() { BankAccount alice("Alice", 1000); alice.deposit(500); alice.withdraw(200); alice.print(); // 输出:Alice的余额:1300 return 0; }
二、面向对象阶段(4-5周)
2.1 继承与多态
cpp
复制
// 图形类层次 class Shape { protected: string color; public: Shape(string c) : color(c) {} virtual double area() const = 0; virtual void draw() const { cout << "绘制" << color << "图形" << endl; } virtual ~Shape() = default; }; class Circle : public Shape { double radius; public: Circle(string c, double r) : Shape(c), radius(r) {} double area() const override { return 3.14159 * radius * radius; } void draw() const override { cout << "绘制" << color << "圆形,半径" << radius << endl; } }; // 使用示例 void printArea(const Shape& s) { cout << "面积:" << s.area() << endl; } int main() { Circle redCircle("红色", 5.0); redCircle.draw(); printArea(redCircle); // 输出:78.5397 return 0; }
2.2 运算符重载
cpp
复制
// 向量类重载 class Vector3D { double x, y, z; public: Vector3D(double a=0, double b=0, double c=0) : x(a), y(b), z(c) {} Vector3D operator+(const Vector3D& rhs) const { return Vector3D(x+rhs.x, y+rhs.y, z+rhs.z); } Vector3D& operator+=(const Vector3D& rhs) { x += rhs.x; y += rhs.y; z += rhs.z; return *this; } friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Vector3D& v); }; ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Vector3D& v) { return os << "(" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ", " << v.z << ")"; } int main() { Vector3D v1(1,2,3), v2(4,5,6); auto v3 = v1 + v2; v1 += v2; cout << "v3=" << v3 << endl; // (5,7,9) cout << "v1=" << v1 << endl; // (5,7,9) return 0; }
三、标准库与模板阶段(5-6周)
3.1 STL容器与算法
https://loldashi.github.io
cpp
复制
#include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <unordered_map> void stlDemo() { // 向量与排序 vector<int> nums {3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6}; sort(nums.begin(), nums.end(), greater<int>()); // 哈希表统计词频 unordered_map<string, int> wordCount; vector<string> words {"apple", "banana", "apple", "orange"}; for(auto& word : words) { wordCount[word]++; } // Lambda表达式遍历 for_each(nums.begin(), nums.end(), [](int n) { cout << n << " "; // 输出:9 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 }); }
3.2 模板元编程
LoL换肤助手官方网站_LOL换肤_兔子换肤_UU换肤_英雄联盟换肤最新版
cpp
复制
// 编译期阶乘计算 template<int N> struct Factorial { static const int value = N * Factorial<N-1>::value; }; template<> struct Factorial<0> { static const int value = 1; }; // 类型萃取示例 template<typename T> void printType() { if constexpr(is_pointer<T>::value) { cout << "指针类型" << endl; } else if constexpr(is_integral<T>::value) { cout << "整型" << endl; } else { cout << "其他类型" << endl; } } int main() { cout << Factorial<5>::value << endl; // 120 printType<int*>(); // 指针类型 printType<double>(); // 其他类型 return 0; }
四、高级特性阶段(6-8周)
4.1 智能指针与RAII
LOL换肤助手官方网站-LOL换肤助手_lol换肤盒子_LOL兔子换肤最新版
cpp
复制
#include <memory> class FileHandler { unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> file; public: FileHandler(const char* name, const char* mode) : file(fopen(name, mode), &fclose) {} void write(const string& data) { if(file) fputs(data.c_str(), file.get()); } }; void raiiDemo() { FileHandler f("data.txt", "w"); f.write("RAII示例数据"); // 自动关闭文件 }
4.2 并发编程
cpp
复制
#include <thread> #include <mutex> #include <future> mutex mtx; void threadTask(int id) { lock_guard<mutex> lock(mtx); cout << "线程" << id << "运行" << endl; } asyncDemo() { auto future = async(launch::async, [](){ this_thread::sleep_for(1s); return 3.14159; }); cout << "异步结果:" << future.get() << endl; } int main() { thread t1(threadTask, 1); thread t2(threadTask, 2); t1.join(); t2.join(); asyncDemo(); return 0; }
五、项目实战阶段(持续进行)
5.1 简易游戏引擎
LOL换肤大师官方网站-LOL换肤助手_lol换肤盒子_LOL兔子换肤最新版
cpp
复制
// 游戏对象基类 class GameObject { protected: float x, y; public: GameObject(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) {} virtual void update(float delta) = 0; virtual void render() = 0; virtual ~GameObject() = default; }; // 玩家角色类 class Player : public GameObject { float speed = 5.0f; public: Player() : GameObject(0,0) {} void update(float delta) override { // 处理输入移动 x += speed * delta; } void render() override { cout << "渲染玩家位置:(" << x << ", " << y << ")\n"; } }; // 游戏循环 void gameLoop() { unique_ptr<GameObject> player = make_unique<Player>(); while(true) { player->update(0.016f); // 60FPS player->render(); this_thread::sleep_for(16ms); } }
5.2 数据结构实现
LoL换肤魔盒官方网站_LOL换肤_LOLuu换肤_LOL换肤大师_LOL换肤盒子
cpp
复制
// 模板化双向链表 template<typename T> class DoublyLinkedList { struct Node { T data; Node* prev; Node* next; Node(const T& d) : data(d), prev(nullptr), next(nullptr) {} }; Node* head = nullptr; Node* tail = nullptr; public: void append(const T& data) { Node* newNode = new Node(data); if(!head) { head = tail = newNode; } else { tail->next = newNode; newNode->prev = tail; tail = newNode; } } void print() const { Node* current = head; while(current) { cout << current->data << " "; current = current->next; } cout << endl; } ~DoublyLinkedList() { while(head) { Node* temp = head; head = head->next; delete temp; } } };
学习路线总结
-
工具链建设:
-
掌握GDB调试技巧
-
使用Clang-Tidy进行代码检查
-
集成Google Test单元测试框架
-
-
现代C++重点:
-
C++11/14/17新特性(lambda、移动语义、constexpr)
-
掌握RAII设计模式
-
理解右值引用与完美转发
-
-
性能优化方向:
-
学习缓存友好设计
-
掌握多线程同步机制
-
研究内存池实现原理
-
-
推荐实践项目:
-
实现STL容器(Vector/HashMap)
-
开发简易HTTP服务器
-
编写3D数学库(矩阵/四元数)
-
创建脚本语言解释器
-
学习周期建议:每天保持3小时有效学习,8个月可达到中级开发水平。重点攻克面向对象设计、模板元编程、内存管理三大核心领域,通过开发图形应用或游戏引擎等实践项目深化理解。建议同步学习《Effective C++》《C++ Primer》等经典著作。