Python系统化自学路线及阶段代码实战-优快云博客

一、基础语法阶段（1-2周）

1.1 开发环境搭建

安装Python 3.10+版本
配置VS Code/PyCharm开发环境
掌握pip包管理工具

1.2 核心语法要素

python

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# 变量与基础运算
name = "Alice"
age = 25
height = 1.68
print(f"{name}今年{age}岁，身高{height:.2f}米")

# 流程控制示例
score = 85
if score >= 90:
    print("优秀")
elif score >= 75:
    print("良好")
else:
    print("继续努力")

# 循环结构实战
for i in range(1, 6):
    print(f"正在处理第{i}个元素")
    if i % 2 == 0:
        print("--> 这是偶数")

# 函数基础
def calculate_bmi(weight, height):
    """计算BMI指数"""
    bmi = weight / (height ** 2)
    return round(bmi, 1)

print(calculate_bmi(70, 1.75))  # 输出22.9

1.3 数据结构专题

python

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# 列表操作
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
fruits.append("grape")
print(fruits[1:3])  # ['banana', 'orange']

# 字典应用
student = {
    "name": "Bob",
    "courses": ["Math", "CS"],
    "scores": {"Math": 90, "CS": 85}
}
print(student["scores"]["CS"])  # 85

# 集合运算
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
print(A & B)  # {3}

二、进阶编程阶段（3-4周）

2.1 面向对象编程

python

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class BankAccount:
    """银行账户类"""
    
    def __init__(self, owner, balance=0):
        self.owner = owner
        self.balance = balance
    
    def deposit(self, amount):
        if amount > 0:
            self.balance += amount
            print(f"存入{amount}，当前余额：{self.balance}")
    
    def withdraw(self, amount):
        if 0 < amount <= self.balance:
            self.balance -= amount
            return amount
        print("取款失败")
        return 0

# 创建实例
account = BankAccount("Alice", 1000)
account.deposit(500)
account.withdraw(200)

2.2 异常处理机制

python

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def safe_divide(a, b):
    try:
        result = a / b
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        print("错误：除数不能为0")
        return None
    except TypeError:
        print("错误：输入类型不正确")
        return None
    else:
        print("计算成功")
        return result
    finally:
        print("执行结束")

print(safe_divide(10, 2))   # 正常执行
print(safe_divide(10, 0))   # 触发异常

2.3 文件操作实战

python

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# CSV文件处理
import csv

with open('data.csv', 'w', newline='') as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerow(["Name", "Age"])
    writer.writerows([
        ["Alice", 25],
        ["Bob", 30]
    ])

# JSON数据解析
import json

data = {
    "system": "Windows",
    "users": ["Admin", "Guest"],
    "active": True
}

json_str = json.dumps(data, indent=2)
print(json_str)

三、应用开发阶段（4-6周）

3.1 Web开发基础（Flask）

python

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from flask import Flask, render_template

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return render_template('index.html', title='首页')

@app.route('/user/<username>')
def show_user(username):
    return f'用户：{username}'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

3.2 数据分析入门（Pandas）

python

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import pandas as pd

# 创建数据集
data = {
    'Date': ['2023-01', '2023-02', '2023-03'],
    'Sales': [12000, 15000, 18000],
    'Expenses': [8000, 8500, 9000]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# 数据处理
df['Profit'] = df['Sales'] - df['Expenses']
print(df.describe())

# 可视化展示
df.plot(x='Date', y=['Sales', 'Expenses'], kind='bar')

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3.3 自动化脚本示例

python

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import os
import shutil
from datetime import datetime

def organize_files(source_dir):
    """文件分类整理工具"""
    for filename in os.listdir(source_dir):
        file_path = os.path.join(source_dir, filename)
        
        if os.path.isfile(file_path):
            # 按扩展名分类
            ext = filename.split('.')[-1].lower()
            target_dir = os.path.join(source_dir, ext)
            
            if not os.path.exists(target_dir):
                os.mkdir(target_dir)
            
            shutil.move(file_path, target_dir)
            print(f"已移动 {filename} 到 {ext} 目录")

organize_files('./downloads')

四、深入进阶阶段（4-8周）

4.1 并发编程实践

python

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import concurrent.futures
import time

def task(n):
    print(f"开始任务 {n}")
    time.sleep(1)
    return f"任务 {n} 完成"

# 线程池示例
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3) as executor:
    results = executor.map(task, range(5))
    for result in results:
        print(result)

4.2 装饰器高级用法

python

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def logger(func):
    """执行日志记录装饰器"""
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print(f"开始执行 {func.__name__}")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print(f"执行完成，返回值：{result}")
        return result
    return wrapper

@logger
def complex_calc(a, b):
    return a ** 2 + b ** 2

print(complex_calc(3, 4))  # 25

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4.3 网络编程基础

python

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import socket

def start_server():
    server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    server.bind(('localhost', 8080))
    server.listen(1)
    
    print("等待连接...")
    client, addr = server.accept()
    print(f"来自 {addr} 的连接")
    
    client.send(b"Hello from server!")
    data = client.recv(1024)
    print(f"收到消息：{data.decode()}")
    
    client.close()
    server.close()

start_server()

五、项目实战阶段（持续进行）

5.1 网络爬虫开发

python

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import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def get_news():
    url = 'https://news.baidu.com/'
    headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
    
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
    
    for item in soup.select('.hotnews a'):
        title = item.text.strip()
        link = item['href']
        print(f"{title}: {link}")

get_news()

5.2 数据可视化仪表盘

python

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import dash
from dash import dcc, html
import plotly.express as px

app = dash.Dash(__name__)

df = px.data.gapminder().query("year == 2007")

app.layout = html.Div([
    dcc.Graph(
        figure=px.scatter(
            df, x="gdpPercap", y="lifeExp",
            size="pop", color="continent",
            log_x=True, size_max=60
        )
    )
])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True)

5.3 API服务开发

python

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from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()

class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str

users_db = []

@app.post("/users/")
def create_user(user: User):
    users_db.append(user.dict())
    return {"status": "created"}

@app.get("/users/")
def list_users():
    return users_db

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