本文从ffmpeg的例程入手,记录下ffmpeg能做什么
运行结果

这个例程像我们展示如何获取一个媒体文件的元信息,值得多看一眼的地方是,我们可以指定io上下文,这意味着我们可以从内存中把数据传给ffmpeg,不论数据时从网络,摄像头,或者是本地文件
这个没什么好说的,只需要注意一下格式上下文的metadata中保存了媒体文件的元信息,保存的格式是“字典”(AVDictionary)类型
重采样的例程比较简单,只要理解几个名词就行了
1、声道数
2、声道格式(可以用来计算声道数)
3、采样率 常用的22500 44100 48000...
4、采样格式 每个样本需要用多少位来表示,是否带符号,是否平面
5、采样数 这个一般都是1024,mp3格式的好像是1152
如果想做一个重新采样的程序的话,从哪获取上面这些信息呢

声道格式,采样率,采样格式都保存在codec_ctx(AVCodecContext*编解码器上下文)中
//frame是解码文件获取的一帧音频,data中音频数据(此处需要注意,如果是平面格式的话,是否data【0】data【1】呢?),nb_samples中保存采样数
src_data = frame->data;
src_nb_samples = frame->nb_samples;
基本的流程:从输入文件中解码出一帧音频(音频数据保存在input_frame->extended_data),把音频数据进行格式转换并且保存到fifo中
从音频fifo中读音频数据(output_frame->data),进行编码,写入文件
1、从输入文件解码出一帧
avformat_open_input->avformat_find_stream_info->avcodec_find_decoder->avcodec_open2->av_frame_alloc->av_init_packet->av_read_frame->avcodec_decode_audio4(至此获得一帧音频数据)->av_free_packet->av_frame_free->avcodec_close->avformat_close_input
至此,已经获取了一帧数据
2、重采样
swr_alloc_set_opts->swr_init->av_samples_alloc->swr_convert->swr_free
3、音频fifo
av_audio_fifo_alloc->av_audio_fifo_realloc->av_audio_fifo_write->av_audio_fifo_read->av_audio_fifo_free
4、编码写入文件
avio_open->avformat_alloc_context->av_guess_format->avcodec_find_encoder->avformat_new_stream->avcodec_open2->avformat_write_header->av_frame_alloc->av_init_packet->avcodec_encode_audio2->av_write_frame->av_free_packet->av_frame_free->av_write_trailer
总结:音频fifo是比较重要的,fifo在处理音频的时候几乎是必须的,也可以自己实现一个fifo,不过ffmpeg既然实现了,自己写也一样,没啥必要
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- //avio_reading.c
-
#include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
-
#include <libavformat/avformat.h>
-
#include <libavformat/avio.h>
-
#include <libavutil/file.h>
-
-
struct buffer_data {
-
uint8_t *ptr;
-
size_t size; ///< size left in the
buffer
-
};
- //读回调函数opaque=调用者传递的参数,buf=目的地址(要把数据保存到哪里)
- //buf_size=目的地址的长度,返回值表示读取多少字节的数据到目的地址
-
static int read_packet(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf, int buf_size)
-
{
-
struct buffer_data *bd = (struct buffer_data *)opaque;
-
buf_size = FFMIN(buf_size, bd->size);
-
-
printf("ptr:%p size:%zu\n", bd->ptr, bd->size);
-
-
/* copy internal buffer data to buf */
-
memcpy(buf, bd->ptr, buf_size);
-
bd->ptr += buf_size;
-
bd->size -= buf_size;
-
-
return buf_size;
-
}
-
-
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
-
{
-
//格式上下文
-
AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx = NULL;
-
//io上下文
-
AVIOContext *avio_ctx = NULL;
-
uint8_t *buffer = NULL, *avio_ctx_buffer = NULL;
-
size_t buffer_size, avio_ctx_buffer_size = 4096;
-
char *input_filename = NULL;
-
int ret = 0;
-
struct buffer_data bd = { 0 };
-
-
if (argc != 2) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s input_file\n"
-
"API example program to show how to read from a custom buffer "
-
"accessed through AVIOContext.\n", argv[0]);
-
return 1;
-
}
-
input_filename = argv[1];
-
-
/* register codecs and formats and other
lavf/lavc components*/
-
av_register_all();
-
-
/* slurp file content into buffer */
-
//映射文件到内存中,不常用的函数
-
ret = av_file_map(input_filename, &buffer, &buffer_size, 0, NULL);
-
if (ret < 0)
-
goto end;
-
-
/* fill opaque structure used by the AVIOContext read callback */
-
bd.ptr = buffer;
- bd.size = buffer_size;
- //申请格式上下文,如果没有申请,那么avformat_open_input会帮助申请(此时第二个参数不能为NULL)
-
//自己申请格式上下文还有个好处,就是可以指定这个格式上下文的io上下文(意味着我们可以使用自己的方式对文件进行读写,否则使用ffmpeg提供的方法)
-
if (!(fmt_ctx = avformat_alloc_context())) {
-
ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
goto end;
-
}
-
-
avio_ctx_buffer = av_malloc(avio_ctx_buffer_size);
-
if (!avio_ctx_buffer) {
-
ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
goto end;
-
}
- //申请io上下文,avio_ctx_buffer=文件内容的内存首地址,avio_ctx_buffer_size=文件内容的长度
-
//0=写标志(1表示可写) bd=传给回调函数的参数 read_packet=读回调函数 NULL=写回调函数 NULL=跳到一个文件的特殊位置的函数
-
avio_ctx = avio_alloc_context(avio_ctx_buffer, avio_ctx_buffer_size,
-
0, &bd, &read_packet, NULL, NULL);
-
if (!avio_ctx) {
-
ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
goto end;
-
}
-
//格式上下文的pd变量指向io上下文(如果没有指定的话在avformat_open_input函数会指定默认的)
- fmt_ctx->pb = avio_ctx;
- //打开输入文件,填充格式上下文,&fmt_ctx=格式上下文的地址,NULL=文件名(如果文件名是空的话,必须自己指定格式上下文的io上下文)
-
//NULL=指定以某种方式打开文件(AVInputFormat *),NULL=参数(可以传递一些自己的参数进去,我没用过)(AVDictionary**)
-
ret = avformat_open_input(&fmt_ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
//查找流的信息fmt_ctx=格式上下文,NULL=参数(AVDictionary**)
-
ret = avformat_find_stream_info(fmt_ctx, NULL);
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not find stream information\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
- //dump文件信息 fmt_ctx=格式上下文 0=流的序号(填0就行),input_filename=文件名,也可以是一个连接
-
//0=Select whether the specified context is an input(0) or output(1)
-
av_dump_format(fmt_ctx, 0, input_filename, 0);
-
-
end:
-
//关闭格式上下文,必须要关闭,不关闭可能会内存泄露&fmt_ctx = 格式上下文的地址
-
avformat_close_input(&fmt_ctx);
-
/* note: the internal buffer could have changed, and be != avio_ctx_buffer */
-
if (avio_ctx) {
-
av_freep(&avio_ctx->buffer);
-
av_freep(&avio_ctx);
-
}
-
//解除文件映射
-
av_file_unmap(buffer, buffer_size);
-
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
// fprintf(stderr, "Error
occurred: %s\n", av_err2str(ret));
-
return 1;
-
}
-
-
return 0;
- }

这个例程像我们展示如何获取一个媒体文件的元信息,值得多看一眼的地方是,我们可以指定io上下文,这意味着我们可以从内存中把数据传给ffmpeg,不论数据时从网络,摄像头,或者是本地文件
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- //metadata.c
-
#include <stdio.h>
-
-
#include <libavformat/avformat.h>
-
#include <libavutil/dict.h>
-
-
int main (int argc, char **argv)
-
{
-
AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx = NULL;
-
//“字典入口”,用来保存AVDictionary变量里面的每一个“字”
-
AVDictionaryEntry *tag = NULL;
-
int ret;
-
-
if (argc != 2) {
-
printf("usage: %s \n"
-
"example program to demonstrate the use of the libavformat metadata API.\n"
-
"\n", argv[0]);
-
return 1;
-
}
-
-
av_register_all();
-
if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&fmt_ctx, argv[1], NULL, NULL)))
-
return ret;
-
//遍历“字典”中的每一个“字”,每一个字有一个键值对
-
while ((tag = av_dict_get(fmt_ctx->metadata, "", tag, AV_DICT_IGNORE_SUFFIX)))
-
printf("%s=%s\n", tag->key, tag->value);
-
-
avformat_close_input(&fmt_ctx);
-
return 0;
- }
点击(此处)折叠或打开
- //resampling_audio.c
-
#include <libavutil/opt.h>
-
#include <libavutil/channel_layout.h>
-
#include <libavutil/samplefmt.h>
-
#include <libswresample/swresample.h>
-
-
static int get_format_from_sample_fmt(const char **fmt,
-
enum AVSampleFormat sample_fmt)
-
{
-
int i;
-
struct sample_fmt_entry {
-
enum AVSampleFormat sample_fmt; const char *fmt_be, *fmt_le;
-
} sample_fmt_entries[] = {
-
{ AV_SAMPLE_FMT_U8, "u8", "u8" },
-
{ AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16, "s16be", "s16le" },
-
{ AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S32, "s32be", "s32le" },
-
{ AV_SAMPLE_FMT_FLT, "f32be", "f32le" },
-
{ AV_SAMPLE_FMT_DBL, "f64be", "f64le" },
-
};
-
*fmt = NULL;
-
-
for (i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(sample_fmt_entries); i++) {
-
struct sample_fmt_entry *entry = &sample_fmt_entries[i];
-
if (sample_fmt == entry->sample_fmt) {
-
*fmt = AV_NE(entry->fmt_be, entry->fmt_le);
-
return 0;
-
}
-
}
-
-
fprintf(stderr,
-
"Sample format %s not supported as output format\n",
-
av_get_sample_fmt_name(sample_fmt));
-
return AVERROR(EINVAL);
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Fill dst buffer with nb_samples, generated starting from t.
-
*/
-
static void fill_samples(double *dst, int nb_samples, int nb_channels, int sample_rate, double *t)
-
{
-
int i, j;
-
double tincr = 1.0 / sample_rate, *dstp = dst;
-
const double c = 2 * M_PI * 440.0;
-
-
/* generate sin tone with 440Hz frequency and duplicated
channels */
-
for (i = 0; i < nb_samples; i++) {
-
*dstp = sin(c * *t);
-
for (j = 1; j < nb_channels; j++)
-
dstp[j] = dstp[0];
-
dstp += nb_channels;
-
*t += tincr;
-
}
-
}
-
-
int main(int argc, char **argv)
-
{
-
//AV_CH_LAYOUT_STEREO=3 左右 AV_CH_LAYOUT_SURROUND=7
左右中 理解成声道的一种格式就行
-
int64_t src_ch_layout = AV_CH_LAYOUT_STEREO, dst_ch_layout = AV_CH_LAYOUT_SURROUND;
- //采样率定义44100比较常用
-
int src_rate = 48000, dst_rate = 44100;
-
//
-
uint8_t **src_data = NULL, **dst_data = NULL;
-
//声道数
-
int src_nb_channels = 0, dst_nb_channels = 0;
-
int src_linesize, dst_linesize;
-
//这东西我叫他采样数,但是问别人好像不这么叫
-
int src_nb_samples = 1024, dst_nb_samples, max_dst_nb_samples;
-
//采样格式 double 和 signed 16bit,现在好像都流行平面的(声道的数据分开存放)
-
enum AVSampleFormat src_sample_fmt = AV_SAMPLE_FMT_DBL, dst_sample_fmt = AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16;
-
const char *dst_filename = NULL;
-
FILE *dst_file;
-
int dst_bufsize;
-
const char *fmt;
-
//本段代码嘴主要的结构 重采样上下文
-
struct SwrContext *swr_ctx;
-
double t;
-
int ret;
-
-
if (argc != 2) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s output_file\n"
-
"API example program to show how to resample an audio stream with libswresample.\n"
-
"This program generates a series of audio frames, resamples them to a specified "
-
"output format and rate and saves them to an output file named output_file.\n",
-
argv[0]);
-
exit(1);
-
}
-
dst_filename = argv[1];
-
-
dst_file = fopen(dst_filename, "wb");
-
if (!dst_file) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open destination file %s\n", dst_filename);
-
exit(1);
-
}
-
-
/* create resampler context */
-
//创建重采样上下文
-
swr_ctx = swr_alloc();
-
if (!swr_ctx) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate resampler context\n");
-
ret = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
goto end;
-
}
-
-
/* set options */
-
//设置重采样上下文的输入属性
-
av_opt_set_int(swr_ctx, "in_channel_layout", src_ch_layout, 0);
-
av_opt_set_int(swr_ctx, "in_sample_rate", src_rate, 0);
-
av_opt_set_sample_fmt(swr_ctx, "in_sample_fmt", src_sample_fmt, 0);
-
//设置重采样上下文的输出属性
-
av_opt_set_int(swr_ctx, "out_channel_layout", dst_ch_layout, 0);
-
av_opt_set_int(swr_ctx, "out_sample_rate", dst_rate, 0);
-
av_opt_set_sample_fmt(swr_ctx, "out_sample_fmt", dst_sample_fmt, 0);
-
-
/* initialize the resampling context */
-
//初始化重采样上下文
-
if ((ret = swr_init(swr_ctx)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize the resampling context\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
-
/* allocate source and destination samples buffers */
-
//通过声道格式获取声道数
-
src_nb_channels = av_get_channel_layout_nb_channels(src_ch_layout);
-
//计算并申请一块内存,用于保存源数据 src_linesize=采样数*采样格式的字节数(double类型=8字节)*声道数
-
ret = av_samples_alloc_array_and_samples(&src_data, &src_linesize, src_nb_channels,
-
src_nb_samples, src_sample_fmt, 0);
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate source samples\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
-
/* compute the number of converted samples: buffering is avoided
-
* ensuring that the output buffer will contain at least all the
-
* converted input samples */
-
//计算目标采样数,如果重新采样的话,采样率S肯定不等于采样率D,比如48000采样率单位时间采样数为1024的话,那么44100采样率在同等时间的采样数x=1024*44100 // /48000 需要理解 采样率和采样数之间的关系 这地方可能我说的不对,暂时我就这样理解,有人知道的话希望指点
-
max_dst_nb_samples = dst_nb_samples =
-
av_rescale_rnd(src_nb_samples, dst_rate, src_rate, AV_ROUND_UP);
-
-
/* buffer is going to be
directly written to a rawaudio file, no alignment */
-
dst_nb_channels = av_get_channel_layout_nb_channels(dst_ch_layout);
-
ret = av_samples_alloc_array_and_samples(&dst_data, &dst_linesize, dst_nb_channels,
-
dst_nb_samples, dst_sample_fmt, 0);
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate destination samples\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
-
t = 0;
-
do {
-
/* generate synthetic audio */
-
fill_samples((double *)src_data[0], src_nb_samples, src_nb_channels, src_rate, &t);
-
-
/* compute destination number of samples */
-
//重新采样必须有这一步,如果是转格式采样率不变的话,可以不计算这一步
-
dst_nb_samples = av_rescale_rnd(swr_get_delay(swr_ctx, src_rate) +
-
src_nb_samples, dst_rate, src_rate, AV_ROUND_UP);
-
if (dst_nb_samples > max_dst_nb_samples) {
-
av_freep(&dst_data[0]);
-
//重新申请dst_data(不然装不下,越界)
-
ret = av_samples_alloc(dst_data, &dst_linesize, dst_nb_channels,
-
dst_nb_samples, dst_sample_fmt, 1);
-
if (ret < 0)
-
break;
-
max_dst_nb_samples = dst_nb_samples;
-
}
-
-
/* convert to destination format */
-
//转换格式
-
ret = swr_convert(swr_ctx, dst_data, dst_nb_samples, (const uint8_t **)src_data, src_nb_samples);
-
if (ret < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Error while converting\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
//计算转换之后音频帧的长度
-
dst_bufsize = av_samples_get_buffer_size(&dst_linesize, dst_nb_channels,
-
ret, dst_sample_fmt, 1);
-
if (dst_bufsize < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not get sample buffer size\n");
-
goto end;
-
}
-
printf("t:%f in:%d out:%d\n", t, src_nb_samples, ret);
-
//没有经过容器封装的原始音频数据
-
fwrite(dst_data[0], 1, dst_bufsize, dst_file);
-
} while (t < 10);
-
-
if ((ret = get_format_from_sample_fmt(&fmt, dst_sample_fmt)) < 0)
-
goto end;
-
//PRId64 = 64
-
//32位os中使用lld代替
-
fprintf(stderr, "Resampling succeeded. Play the output file with the command:\n"
-
"ffplay -f %s -channel_layout %lld -channels %d -ar %d %s\n",
-
fmt, dst_ch_layout, dst_nb_channels, dst_rate, dst_filename);
-
-
end:
-
fclose(dst_file);
-
-
if (src_data)
-
av_freep(&src_data[0]);
-
av_freep(&src_data);
-
-
if (dst_data)
-
av_freep(&dst_data[0]);
-
av_freep(&dst_data);
-
-
swr_free(&swr_ctx);
-
return ret < 0;
- }
1、声道数
2、声道格式(可以用来计算声道数)
3、采样率 常用的22500 44100 48000...
4、采样格式 每个样本需要用多少位来表示,是否带符号,是否平面
5、采样数 这个一般都是1024,mp3格式的好像是1152
如果想做一个重新采样的程序的话,从哪获取上面这些信息呢

声道格式,采样率,采样格式都保存在codec_ctx(AVCodecContext*编解码器上下文)中
//frame是解码文件获取的一帧音频,data中音频数据(此处需要注意,如果是平面格式的话,是否data【0】data【1】呢?),nb_samples中保存采样数
src_data = frame->data;
src_nb_samples = frame->nb_samples;
点击(此处)折叠或打开
-
/*
-
* This file is part of FFmpeg.
-
*
-
* FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
-
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
-
* version 2.1 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
-
*
-
* FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
the GNU
-
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
*
-
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
-
* License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the
Free Software
-
* Foundation, Inc., 51
Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301
USA
-
*/
-
-
/**
-
* @file
-
* simple audio converter
-
*
-
* @example transcode_aac.c
-
* Convert an input audio file to AAC in an MP4 container using FFmpeg.
-
* @author Andreas Unterweger (dustsigns@gmail.com)
-
*/
-
-
#include <stdio.h>
-
-
#include "libavformat/avformat.h"
-
#include "libavformat/avio.h"
-
-
#include "libavcodec/avcodec.h"
-
-
#include "libavutil/audio_fifo.h"
-
#include "libavutil/avassert.h"
-
#include "libavutil/avstring.h"
-
#include "libavutil/frame.h"
-
#include "libavutil/opt.h"
-
-
#include "libswresample/swresample.h"
-
-
/** The output bit rate in kbit/s */
-
#define OUTPUT_BIT_RATE 96000
-
/** The number of output channels */
-
#define OUTPUT_CHANNELS 2
-
-
/**
-
* Convert an error code into a text message.
-
* @param error Error code to be
converted
-
* @return Corresponding error text (not thread-safe)
-
*/
-
static const char *get_error_text(const int error)
-
{
-
static char error_buffer[255];
-
av_strerror(error, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
-
return error_buffer;
-
}
-
-
/** Open an input file and the
required decoder. */
-
static int open_input_file(const char *filename,
-
AVFormatContext **input_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext **input_codec_context)
-
{
-
AVCodec *input_codec;
-
int error;
-
-
/** Open the input file to read
from it. */
-
//打开输入文件
-
if ((error = avformat_open_input(input_format_context, filename, NULL,
-
NULL)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input file '%s' (error '%s')\n",
-
filename, get_error_text(error));
-
*input_format_context = NULL;
-
return error;
-
}
-
- /** Get information on the input file (number of streams etc.). */
-
//查找流信息
-
if ((error = avformat_find_stream_info(*input_format_context, NULL)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open find stream info (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
-
return error;
-
}
- //这个地方只检测了流的数量,而且并没有确定流的类型
-
//(*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec->codec_type AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO
AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO
-
//所以做测试的时候输入文件必须是一个纯的音频文件,没有的话可以使用ffmpeg转换一个
-
/** Make sure that there is only
one stream in the input file. */
-
if ((*input_format_context)->nb_streams != 1) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Expected one audio input stream, but found %d\n",
-
(*input_format_context)->nb_streams);
-
avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
-
/** Find a decoder for the
audio stream. */
-
//查找解码器 参数是解码器ID 解码时解码器的ID保存在 格式上下文->流->编解码器上下文->codec->codec_id
-
if (!(input_codec = avcodec_find_decoder((*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec->codec_id))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not find input codec\n");
-
avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
-
/** Open the decoder for the
audio stream to use it later. */
- //打开解码器 参数是编解码器上下文,编解码器,NULL=参数
-
if ((error = avcodec_open2((*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec,
-
input_codec, NULL)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open input codec (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
avformat_close_input(input_format_context);
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
/** Save the decoder context for easier
access later. */
-
*input_codec_context = (*input_format_context)->streams[0]->codec;
-
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Open an output file and the required encoder.
-
* Also set some basic encoder parameters.
-
* Some of these parameters are based on the input file's parameters.
-
*/
-
static int open_output_file(const char *filename,
-
AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
-
AVFormatContext **output_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext **output_codec_context)
-
{
-
AVIOContext *output_io_context = NULL;
-
AVStream *stream = NULL;
-
AVCodec *output_codec = NULL;
-
int error;
-
- /** Open the output file to write to it. */
-
//对比例1中的avio_alloc_context,本次是打开文件,并且填充io上下文,而在例1中是直接指定io上下文的读回调函数
-
//如果此时不想把通过ffmpeg的方式把数据写入到文件中的话,也可以使用avio_alloc_context去指定写回调函数,就可以随心所欲的处理音频数据了
-
//对于输出格式上下文,其成员 io上下文和 输出格式oformat都有写文件函数,他们有什么关系呢?
- //当调用av_write_frame的时候,会先调用oformat里面的写函数,oformat里面的写函数在去调用io上下文的写函数,
- //总结来看io上下文的写 是和文件url有关的(网络,或者本地文件)
-
//oformat则是和媒体容器相关的,比如是mp4,flv,或者aac,mp3
- //此处是我自己的理解,不一定正确
-
if ((error = avio_open(&output_io_context, filename,
-
AVIO_FLAG_WRITE)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output file '%s' (error '%s')\n",
-
filename, get_error_text(error));
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
/** Create a new format context for the
output container format. */
-
//创建输出格式上下文
-
if (!(*output_format_context = avformat_alloc_context())) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate output format context\n");
-
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
}
-
-
/** Associate the output file (pointer) with
the container format context. */
-
//指定格式上下文的io上下文
-
(*output_format_context)->pb = output_io_context;
-
-
/** Guess the desired container format based on the
file extension. */
-
//猜测输出格式的上下文,作用,我猜测是在写入文件的时候,写入相应的文件格式的头或者类似的信息,
-
//比如mp4的话,就需要写一个个的box,flv则是tag,其他的容器也有自己的数据格式
-
if (!((*output_format_context)->oformat = av_guess_format(NULL, filename,
-
NULL))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not find output file format\n");
-
goto cleanup;
-
}
-
-
av_strlcpy((*output_format_context)->filename, filename,
-
sizeof((*output_format_context)->filename));
-
-
/** Find the encoder to be
used by its name. */
- //查找编码器
-
if (!(output_codec = avcodec_find_encoder(AV_CODEC_ID_AAC))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not find an AAC encoder.\n");
-
goto cleanup;
-
}
-
-
/** Create a new audio stream in the
output file container. */
-
//新建一个流
-
if (!(stream = avformat_new_stream(*output_format_context, output_codec))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not create new stream\n");
-
error = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
goto cleanup;
-
}
-
-
/** Save the encoder context for easier
access later. */
-
*output_codec_context = stream->codec;
-
-
/**
-
* Set the basic encoder parameters.
-
* The input file's sample rate is used to avoid
a sample rate conversion.
-
*/
-
//编码器初始化
-
(*output_codec_context)->channels = OUTPUT_CHANNELS;//声道数
-
(*output_codec_context)->channel_layout = av_get_default_channel_layout(OUTPUT_CHANNELS);//声道格式
-
(*output_codec_context)->sample_rate = input_codec_context->sample_rate;//采样率
-
(*output_codec_context)->sample_fmt = output_codec->sample_fmts[0];//采样格式
-
(*output_codec_context)->bit_rate = OUTPUT_BIT_RATE;//码率
-
-
/** Allow the use of the experimental AAC encoder */
-
(*output_codec_context)->strict_std_compliance = FF_COMPLIANCE_EXPERIMENTAL;
-
-
/** Set the
sample rate for the container. */
-
stream->time_base.den = input_codec_context->sample_rate;
-
stream->time_base.num = 1;
-
-
/**
-
* Some container formats (like MP4) require global headers to be
present
-
* Mark the encoder so that it behaves accordingly.
-
*/
-
if ((*output_format_context)->oformat->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)
-
(*output_codec_context)->flags |= CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
-
-
/** Open the encoder for the
audio stream to use it later. */
-
//打开编码器
-
if ((error = avcodec_open2(*output_codec_context, output_codec, NULL)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open output codec (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
goto cleanup;
-
}
-
-
return 0;
-
-
cleanup:
-
avio_closep(&(*output_format_context)->pb);
-
avformat_free_context(*output_format_context);
-
*output_format_context = NULL;
-
return error < 0 ? error : AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
-
/** Initialize one data packet for reading or writing. */
-
static void init_packet(AVPacket *packet)
-
{
-
av_init_packet(packet);
-
/** Set the
packet data and size so that it is recognized as being empty. */
-
packet->data = NULL;
-
packet->size = 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Initialize one audio frame for reading
from the input file */
-
static int init_input_frame(AVFrame **frame)
-
{
-
if (!(*frame = av_frame_alloc())) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate input frame\n");
-
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Initialize the audio resampler based on the input and output codec settings.
-
* If the input and output sample formats differ, a
conversion is required
-
* libswresample takes care of this, but requires initialization.
-
*/
-
static int init_resampler(AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
-
SwrContext **resample_context)
-
{
-
int error;
-
-
/**
-
* Create a resampler context for the conversion.
-
* Set the conversion parameters.
-
* Default channel layouts based on the number of channels
-
* are assumed for simplicity (they are sometimes not detected
-
* properly by the demuxer and/or decoder).
-
*/
-
//区别于例三,一个函数搞定重采样上下文的初始化
-
*resample_context = swr_alloc_set_opts(NULL,
-
av_get_default_channel_layout(output_codec_context->channels),
-
output_codec_context->sample_fmt,
-
output_codec_context->sample_rate,
-
av_get_default_channel_layout(input_codec_context->channels),
-
input_codec_context->sample_fmt,
-
input_codec_context->sample_rate,
-
0, NULL);
-
if (!*resample_context) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate resample context\n");
-
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
}
-
/**
-
* Perform a sanity check so that the number of converted samples is
-
* not greater than the number of samples to be converted.
-
* If the sample rates differ, this case has to be
handled differently
-
*/
-
//确保输入输出采样率相等,猜测:如果采样率不相等的话,采样数就需要重新计算,但是此段代码中并没有重新计算采样数
-
av_assert0(output_codec_context->sample_rate == input_codec_context->sample_rate);
-
-
/** Open the resampler with the specified parameters. */
-
if ((error = swr_init(*resample_context)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not open resample context\n");
-
swr_free(resample_context);
-
return error;
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Initialize a FIFO buffer for the
audio samples to be encoded. */
-
static int init_fifo(AVAudioFifo **fifo, AVCodecContext *output_codec_context)
-
{
-
/** Create the FIFO buffer based on the
specified output sample format. */
-
if (!(*fifo = av_audio_fifo_alloc(output_codec_context->sample_fmt,
-
output_codec_context->channels, 1))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate FIFO\n");
-
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Write the header of the output file container. */
-
static int write_output_file_header(AVFormatContext *output_format_context)
-
{
-
int error;
-
//写文件头
-
if ((error = avformat_write_header(output_format_context, NULL)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not write output file header (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
return error;
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Decode one audio frame from the input file. */
-
static int decode_audio_frame(AVFrame *frame,
-
AVFormatContext *input_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
-
int *data_present, int *finished)
-
{
-
/** Packet used for temporary
storage. */
-
AVPacket input_packet;
-
int error;
-
init_packet(&input_packet);
-
-
/** Read one audio frame from the input file into a temporary packet. */
-
if ((error = av_read_frame(input_format_context, &input_packet)) < 0) {
-
/** If we
are at the end of the file, flush the decoder below. */
-
if (error == AVERROR_EOF)
-
*finished = 1;
-
else {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not read frame (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
return error;
-
}
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Decode the audio frame stored in the temporary packet.
-
* The input audio stream decoder is used to do this.
-
* If we are at the end of the file, pass
an empty packet to the decoder
-
* to flush it.
-
*/
-
if ((error = avcodec_decode_audio4(input_codec_context, frame,
-
data_present, &input_packet)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not decode frame (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
av_free_packet(&input_packet);
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* If the decoder has not been flushed completely, we
are not finished,
-
* so that this function has to be called again.
-
*/
-
if (*finished && *data_present)
-
*finished = 0;
-
av_free_packet(&input_packet);
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Initialize a temporary storage for the specified number of audio samples.
-
* The conversion requires temporary storage due to the different format.
-
* The number of audio samples to be allocated is specified in frame_size.
-
*/
-
static int init_converted_samples(uint8_t ***converted_input_samples,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
-
int frame_size)
-
{
-
int error;
-
-
/**
-
* Allocate as many pointers as there are audio channels.
-
* Each pointer will later point to the audio samples of the corresponding
-
* channels (although it may be NULL for interleaved
formats).
-
*/
-
if (!(*converted_input_samples = calloc(output_codec_context->channels,
-
sizeof(**converted_input_samples)))) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate converted input sample pointers\n");
-
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Allocate memory for the samples of all channels in one consecutive
-
* block for convenience.
-
*/
-
if ((error = av_samples_alloc(*converted_input_samples, NULL,
-
output_codec_context->channels,
-
frame_size,
-
output_codec_context->sample_fmt, 0)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr,
-
"Could not allocate converted input samples (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
av_freep(&(*converted_input_samples)[0]);
-
free(*converted_input_samples);
-
return error;
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Convert the input audio samples into the output sample format.
-
* The conversion happens on a per-frame basis, the
size of which is specified
-
* by frame_size.
-
*/
-
static int convert_samples(const uint8_t **input_data,
-
uint8_t **converted_data, const int frame_size,
-
SwrContext *resample_context)
-
{
-
int error;
-
-
/** Convert the samples using the resampler. */
-
if ((error = swr_convert(resample_context,
-
converted_data, frame_size,
-
input_data , frame_size)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not convert input samples (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Add converted input audio samples to the
FIFO buffer for later processing. */
-
static int add_samples_to_fifo(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
-
uint8_t **converted_input_samples,
-
const int frame_size)
-
{
-
int error;
-
-
/**
-
* Make the FIFO as large as it needs to be to hold both,
-
* the old and the new samples.
-
*/
-
if ((error = av_audio_fifo_realloc(fifo, av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) + frame_size)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not reallocate FIFO\n");
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
/** Store the new samples in the
FIFO buffer. */
-
if (av_audio_fifo_write(fifo, (void **)converted_input_samples,
-
frame_size) < frame_size) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not write data to FIFO\n");
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Read one audio frame from the input file, decodes, converts and stores
-
* it in the FIFO buffer.
-
*/
-
static int read_decode_convert_and_store(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
-
AVFormatContext *input_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext *input_codec_context,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
-
SwrContext *resampler_context,
-
int *finished)
-
{
-
/** Temporary storage of the input samples of the frame read from the
file. */
-
AVFrame *input_frame = NULL;
-
/** Temporary storage for the
converted input samples. */
-
uint8_t **converted_input_samples = NULL;
-
int data_present;
-
int ret = AVERROR_EXIT;
-
-
/** Initialize temporary storage for one
input frame. */
-
if (init_input_frame(&input_frame))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/** Decode one frame worth of audio samples. */
-
if (decode_audio_frame(input_frame, input_format_context,
-
input_codec_context, &data_present, finished))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/**
-
* If we are at the end of the file and there
are no more samples
-
* in the decoder which are delayed, we are actually finished.
-
* This must not be treated as an error.
-
*/
-
if (*finished && !data_present) {
-
ret = 0;
-
goto cleanup;
-
}
-
/** If there is decoded
data, convert and store it */
- //input_frame->nb_samples表示当前帧内数据的长度 MP3一般是1152 aac=1024
-
//区别于编解码器上下文中的frame_size是帧最大长度
-
if (data_present) {
-
/** Initialize the temporary storage for the
converted input samples. */
-
if (init_converted_samples(&converted_input_samples, output_codec_context,
-
input_frame->nb_samples))
-
goto cleanup;
-
-
/**
-
* Convert the input samples to the desired output sample format.
-
* This requires a temporary storage provided by converted_input_samples.
-
*/
-
if (convert_samples((const uint8_t**)input_frame->extended_data, converted_input_samples,
-
input_frame->nb_samples, resampler_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
-
/** Add the converted input samples to the
FIFO buffer for later processing. */
-
if (add_samples_to_fifo(fifo, converted_input_samples,
-
input_frame->nb_samples))
-
goto cleanup;
-
ret = 0;
-
}
-
ret = 0;
-
-
cleanup:
-
if (converted_input_samples) {
-
av_freep(&converted_input_samples[0]);
-
free(converted_input_samples);
-
}
-
av_frame_free(&input_frame);
-
-
return ret;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Initialize one input frame for writing to the output file.
-
* The frame will be exactly frame_size samples large.
-
*/
-
static int init_output_frame(AVFrame **frame,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
-
int frame_size)
-
{
-
int error;
-
-
/** Create a new frame to store
the audio samples. */
-
if (!(*frame = av_frame_alloc())) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate output frame\n");
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Set the frame's parameters, especially
its size and format.
-
* av_frame_get_buffer needs this to allocate memory for the
-
* audio samples of the frame.
-
* Default channel layouts based on the number of channels
-
* are assumed for simplicity.
-
*/
-
(*frame)->nb_samples = frame_size;
-
(*frame)->channel_layout = output_codec_context->channel_layout;
-
(*frame)->format = output_codec_context->sample_fmt;
-
(*frame)->sample_rate = output_codec_context->sample_rate;
-
-
/**
-
* Allocate the samples of the created frame. This call will make
-
* sure that the audio frame can hold as many samples as specified.
-
*/
-
if ((error = av_frame_get_buffer(*frame, 0)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could allocate output frame samples (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
av_frame_free(frame);
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Global timestamp for the
audio frames */
-
static int64_t pts = 0;
-
-
/** Encode one frame worth of audio to the
output file. */
-
static int encode_audio_frame(AVFrame *frame,
-
AVFormatContext *output_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context,
-
int *data_present)
-
{
-
/** Packet used for temporary
storage. */
-
AVPacket output_packet;
-
int error;
-
init_packet(&output_packet);
-
-
/** Set a
timestamp based on the sample rate for the container. */
-
if (frame) {
-
frame->pts = pts;
-
pts += frame->nb_samples;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Encode the audio frame and store it in the temporary packet.
-
* The output audio stream encoder is used to do this.
-
*/
-
if ((error = avcodec_encode_audio2(output_codec_context, &output_packet,
-
frame, data_present)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not encode frame (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
av_free_packet(&output_packet);
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
/** Write one audio frame from the temporary packet to the
output file. */
-
if (*data_present) {
-
if ((error = av_write_frame(output_format_context, &output_packet)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not write frame (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
av_free_packet(&output_packet);
-
return error;
-
}
-
-
av_free_packet(&output_packet);
-
}
-
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* Load one audio frame from the FIFO buffer, encode and write it to the
-
* output file.
-
*/
-
static int load_encode_and_write(AVAudioFifo *fifo,
-
AVFormatContext *output_format_context,
-
AVCodecContext *output_codec_context)
-
{
-
/** Temporary storage of the output samples of the frame written to the
file. */
-
AVFrame *output_frame;
-
/**
-
* Use the maximum number of possible samples per frame.
-
* If there is less than the maximum possible frame size in the
FIFO
-
* buffer use this number. Otherwise, use the maximum possible frame
size
-
*/
-
const int frame_size = FFMIN(av_audio_fifo_size(fifo),
-
output_codec_context->frame_size);
-
int data_written;
-
-
/** Initialize temporary storage for one
output frame. */
-
if (init_output_frame(&output_frame, output_codec_context, frame_size))
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
-
/**
-
* Read as many samples from the FIFO buffer as required to fill the frame.
-
* The samples are stored in the frame temporarily.
-
*/
-
if (av_audio_fifo_read(fifo, (void **)output_frame->data, frame_size) < frame_size) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not read data from FIFO\n");
-
av_frame_free(&output_frame);
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
-
/** Encode one frame worth of audio samples. */
-
if (encode_audio_frame(output_frame, output_format_context,
-
output_codec_context, &data_written)) {
-
av_frame_free(&output_frame);
-
return AVERROR_EXIT;
-
}
-
av_frame_free(&output_frame);
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Write the trailer of the output file container. */
-
static int write_output_file_trailer(AVFormatContext *output_format_context)
-
{
-
int error;
-
if ((error = av_write_trailer(output_format_context)) < 0) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Could not write output file trailer (error '%s')\n",
-
get_error_text(error));
-
return error;
-
}
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
/** Convert an audio file to an
AAC file in an MP4 container. */
-
int main(int argc, char **argv)
-
{
-
//输入输出格式上下文
-
AVFormatContext *input_format_context = NULL, *output_format_context = NULL;
-
//解码器上下文、编码器上下文
- AVCodecContext *input_codec_context = NULL, *output_codec_context = NULL;
-
//重采样上下文
-
SwrContext *resample_context = NULL;
-
//音频fifo
-
AVAudioFifo *fifo = NULL;
-
int ret = AVERROR_EXIT;
-
-
if (argc < 3) {
-
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s \n", argv[0]);
-
exit(1);
-
}
-
-
/** Register all codecs and formats
so that they can be used. */
-
av_register_all();
-
/** Open the input file for reading. */
-
//填充了输入格式上下文,并且打开了相对应的解码器
-
if (open_input_file(argv[1], &input_format_context,
-
&input_codec_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/** Open the output file for writing. */
-
//填充输出格式上下文,打开io上下文,流的初始化,编码器的初始化
-
if (open_output_file(argv[2], input_codec_context,
-
&output_format_context, &output_codec_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/** Initialize the resampler to be
able to convert audio sample formats. */
- //初始化重采样上下文
-
if (init_resampler(input_codec_context, output_codec_context,
-
&resample_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/** Initialize the FIFO buffer to store
audio samples to be encoded. */
-
//初始化音频fifo
-
if (init_fifo(&fifo, output_codec_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
/** Write the header of the output file container. */
-
/
-
if (write_output_file_header(output_format_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
-
/**
-
* Loop as long as we have input samples to read or output
samples
-
* to write; abort as soon as we have neither.
-
*/
-
while (1) {
-
/** Use the encoder's
desired frame size for processing. */
-
const int output_frame_size = output_codec_context->frame_size;
-
int finished = 0;
-
-
/**
-
* Make sure that there is one frame worth of samples in the FIFO
-
* buffer so that the encoder can do its work.
-
* Since the decoder's and the encoder's
frame size may differ, we
-
* need to FIFO buffer to store as many frames worth of input samples
-
* that they make up at least one frame worth of output samples.
-
*/
-
//检查fifo里面的数据是否大于要输出的帧的大小,如果不大于,那么将解码转换的数据存放的fifo中
-
while (av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) < output_frame_size) {
-
/**
-
* Decode one frame worth of audio samples, convert it to the
-
* output sample format and put it into the FIFO buffer.
-
*/
-
if (read_decode_convert_and_store(fifo, input_format_context,
-
input_codec_context,
-
output_codec_context,
-
resample_context, &finished))
-
goto cleanup;
-
-
/**
-
* If we are at the end of the input file, we
continue
-
* encoding the remaining audio samples to the output file.
-
*/
-
if (finished)
-
break;
-
}
-
-
/**
-
* If we have enough samples for the encoder, we
encode them.
-
* At the end of the file, we pass the remaining samples to
-
* the encoder.
-
*/
-
//检查fifo数据是否大于输出帧的大小,或者(到文件末尾并且fifo数据长度大于0)
-
while (av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) >= output_frame_size ||
-
(finished && av_audio_fifo_size(fifo) > 0))
-
/**
-
* Take one frame worth of audio samples from the FIFO buffer,
-
* encode it and write it to the output file.
-
*/
-
//读fifo,编码,写入文件
-
if (load_encode_and_write(fifo, output_format_context,
-
output_codec_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
-
/**
-
* If we are at the end of the input file and have
encoded
-
* all remaining samples, we can exit this loop and finish.
-
*/
-
if (finished) {
-
int data_written;
-
/** Flush the encoder as it may have delayed frames. */
-
//刷新编码器中可能存在的延时帧
-
do {
-
if (encode_audio_frame(NULL, output_format_context,
-
output_codec_context, &data_written))
-
goto cleanup;
-
} while (data_written);
-
break;
-
}
-
}
-
-
/** Write the trailer of the output file container. */
-
//写文件尾
-
if (write_output_file_trailer(output_format_context))
-
goto cleanup;
-
ret = 0;
-
-
cleanup:
-
if (fifo)
-
av_audio_fifo_free(fifo);
-
swr_free(&resample_context);
-
if (output_codec_context)
-
avcodec_close(output_codec_context);
-
if (output_format_context) {
-
avio_closep(&output_format_context->pb);
-
avformat_free_context(output_format_context);
-
}
-
if (input_codec_context)
-
avcodec_close(input_codec_context);
-
if (input_format_context)
-
avformat_close_input(&input_format_context);
-
-
return ret;
- }
从音频fifo中读音频数据(output_frame->data),进行编码,写入文件
1、从输入文件解码出一帧
avformat_open_input->avformat_find_stream_info->avcodec_find_decoder->avcodec_open2->av_frame_alloc->av_init_packet->av_read_frame->avcodec_decode_audio4(至此获得一帧音频数据)->av_free_packet->av_frame_free->avcodec_close->avformat_close_input
至此,已经获取了一帧数据
2、重采样
swr_alloc_set_opts->swr_init->av_samples_alloc->swr_convert->swr_free
3、音频fifo
av_audio_fifo_alloc->av_audio_fifo_realloc->av_audio_fifo_write->av_audio_fifo_read->av_audio_fifo_free
4、编码写入文件
avio_open->avformat_alloc_context->av_guess_format->avcodec_find_encoder->avformat_new_stream->avcodec_open2->avformat_write_header->av_frame_alloc->av_init_packet->avcodec_encode_audio2->av_write_frame->av_free_packet->av_frame_free->av_write_trailer
总结:音频fifo是比较重要的,fifo在处理音频的时候几乎是必须的,也可以自己实现一个fifo,不过ffmpeg既然实现了,自己写也一样,没啥必要
本文通过FFmpeg的示例代码介绍了如何实现自定义缓冲区读取、元信息处理、音频重采样及编码等功能,为读者提供了一个深入理解FFmpeg工作原理的机会。
1148

被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?



