The KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite之Stereo Evaluation 2015

本文介绍了一个包含200个训练场景和200个测试场景的立体视觉基准测试集,该测试集涵盖了动态场景,并提供了详细的评价指标及多种立体匹配算法的性能对比。

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Stereo Evaluation 2015


The stereo 2015 / flow 2015 / scene flow 2015 benchmark consists of 200 training scenes and 200 test scenes (4 color images per scene, saved in loss less png format). Compared to the stereo 2012 and flow 2012 benchmarks, it comprises dynamic scenes for which the ground truth has been established in a semi-automatic process. Our evaluation server computes the percentage of bad pixels averaged over all ground truth pixels of all 200 test images. For this benchmark, we consider a pixel to be correctly estimated if the disparity or flow end-point error is <3px or <5% (for scene flow this criterion needs to be fulfilled for both disparity maps and the flow map). We require that all methods use the same parameter set for all test pairs. Our development kit provides details about the data format as well as MATLAB / C++ utility functions for reading and writing disparity maps and flow fields. More details can be found in Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles (CVPR 2015).

Our evaluation table ranks all methods according to the number of erroneous pixels. All methods providing less than 100 % density have been interpolated using simple background interpolation as explained in the corresponding header file in the development kit. Legend:

  • D1: Percentage of stereo disparity outliers in first frame
  • D2: Percentage of stereo disparity outliers in second frame
  • Fl: Percentage of optical flow outliers
  • SF: Percentage of scene flow outliers (=outliers in either D0, D1 or Fl)
  • bg: Percentage of outliers averaged only over background regions
  • fg: Percentage of outliers averaged only over foreground regions
  • all: Percentage of outliers averaged over all ground truth pixels


Note:  On 13.03.2017 we have fixed several small errors in the flow (noc+occ) ground truth of the dynamic foreground objects and manually verified all images for correctness by warping them according to the ground truth. As a consequence, all error numbers have decreased slightly. Please download the devkit and the annotations with the improved ground truth for the training set again if you have downloaded the files prior to 13.03.2017 and consider reporting these new number in all future publications. The last leaderboards before these corrections can be found  here (optical flow 2015)  and  here (scene flow 2015) . The leaderboards for the KITTI 2015 stereo benchmarks did not change.

Additional information used by the methods
  •  Flow: Method uses optical flow (2 temporally adjacent images)
  •  Multiview: Method uses more than 2 temporally adjacent images
  •  Motion stereo: Method uses epipolar geometry for computing optical flow
  •  Additional training data: Use of additional data sources for training (see details)
Evaluation ground truth 
  •            Evaluation area 
  •  

  •   Method Setting Code D1-bg D1-fg D1-all Density Runtime Environment
    1 CRL     2.48 % 3.59 % 2.67 % 100.00 % 0.47 s Nvidia GTX 1080
     
    2 GC-NET     2.21 % 6.16 % 2.87 % 100.00 % 0.9 s Nvidia GTX Titan X
    A. Kendall, H. Martirosyan, S. Dasgupta, P. Henry, R. Kennedy, A. Bachrach and A. Bry: End-to-End Learning of Geometry and Context for Deep Stereo Regression. arXiv preprint arxiv:1703.04309 2017.
    3 DRR     2.58 % 6.04 % 3.16 % 100.00 % 0.4 s Nvidia GTX Titan X
    S. Gidaris and N. Komodakis: Detect, Replace, Refine: Deep Structured Prediction For Pixel Wise Labeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.04770 2016.
    4 L-ResMatch   code 2.72 % 6.95 % 3.42 % 100.00 % 48 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    A. Shaked and L. Wolf: Improved Stereo Matching with Constant Highway Networks and Reflective Loss. arXiv preprint arxiv:1701.00165 2016.
    5 Displets v2   code 3.00 % 5.56 % 3.43 % 100.00 % 265 s >8 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
    F. Guney and A. Geiger: Displets: Resolving Stereo Ambiguities using Object Knowledge. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2015.
    6 CNNF+SGM     2.78 % 7.69 % 3.60 % 100.00 % 71 s TESLA K40C
     
    7 PBCP     2.58 % 8.74 % 3.61 % 100.00 % 68 s Nvidia GTX Titan X
    A. Seki and M. Pollefeys: Patch Based Confidence Prediction for Dense Disparity Map. British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC) 2016.
    8 SN     2.66 % 8.64 % 3.66 % 100.00 % 67 s Titan X
     
    9 MC-CNN-acrt   code 2.89 % 8.88 % 3.89 % 100.00 % 67 s Nvidia GTX Titan X (CUDA, Lua/Torch7)
    J. Zbontar and Y. LeCun: Stereo Matching by Training a Convolutional Neural Network to Compare Image Patches. Submitted to JMLR .
    10 CNN-SPS     3.30 % 7.92 % 4.07 % 100.00 % 80 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    L. Chen, J. Chen and L. Fan: A Convolutional Neural Networks based Full Density Stereo Matching Framework. .
    11 PRSM
    This method uses optical flow information.
    This method makes use of multiple (>2) views.
    code 3.02 % 10.52 % 4.27 % 99.99 % 300 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    C. Vogel, K. Schindler and S. Roth: 3D Scene Flow Estimation with a Piecewise Rigid Scene Model. ijcv 2015.
    12 DispNetC   code 4.32 % 4.41 % 4.34 % 100.00 % 0.06 s Nvidia GTX Titan X (Caffe)
    N. Mayer, E. Ilg, P. Häusser, P. Fischer, D. Cremers, A. Dosovitskiy and T. Brox: A Large Dataset to Train Convolutional Networks for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimation. CVPR 2016.
    13 SSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      3.55 % 8.75 % 4.42 % 100.00 % 5 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
     
    14 CGNet     4.39 % 4.59 % 4.43 % 100.00 % 2.3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
     
    15 ISF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      4.12 % 6.17 % 4.46 % 100.00 % 10 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    16 Content-CNN     3.73 % 8.58 % 4.54 % 100.00 % 1 s Nvidia GTX Titan X (Torch)
    W. Luo, A. Schwing and R. Urtasun: Efficient Deep Learning for Stereo Matching. CVPR 2016.
    17 MCSC     3.61 % 10.13 % 4.69 % 100.00 % 1 s Nvidia GTX 1080 (Caffe)
     
    18 MC-CNN-SS     3.78 % 10.93 % 4.97 % 100.00 % 1.35 s 1 core 2.5 Ghz + K40 NVIDIA, Lua-Torch
     
    19 3DMST     3.36 % 13.03 % 4.97 % 100.00 % 93 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    X. Lincheng Li and L. Zhang: 3D Cost Aggregation with Multiple Minimum Spanning Trees for Stereo Matching. submitted to Applied Optics .
    20 LPU     3.55 % 12.30 % 5.01 % 100.00 % 1650 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
     
    21 OSF+TC
    This method uses optical flow information.
    This method makes use of multiple (>2) views.
      4.11 % 9.64 % 5.03 % 100.00 % 50 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    M. Neoral and J. Šochman: Object Scene Flow with Temporal Consistency. 22nd Computer Vision Winter Workshop (CVWW) 2017.
    22 SOSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      4.30 % 8.72 % 5.03 % 100.00 % 55 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
     
    23 SGM+CNN     3.93 % 10.56 % 5.04 % 100.00 % 2 s Nvidia GTX 970
     
    24 SPS-St   code 3.84 % 12.67 % 5.31 % 100.00 % 2 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    K. Yamaguchi, D. McAllester and R. Urtasun: Efficient Joint Segmentation, Occlusion Labeling, Stereo and Flow Estimation. ECCV 2014.
    25 MN     3.92 % 12.37 % 5.33 % 100.00 % 3 min >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    26 MDP
    This method uses stereo information.
      4.19 % 11.25 % 5.36 % 100.00 % 11.4 s 4 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
    A. Li, D. Chen, Y. Liu and Z. Yuan: Coordinating Multiple Disparity Proposals for Stereo Computation. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
    27 CPM2
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 4.13 % 12.03 % 5.44 % 99.95 % 3 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    28 CNN-MS     3.89 % 13.28 % 5.45 % 100.00 % 3 min GPU @ TITAN X (Lua/Torch)
     
    29 UCNN     4.15 % 12.08 % 5.47 % 99.98 % 3 s Nvidia GTX Titan X GPU (cuDNN)
     
    30 JMR     4.35 % 11.25 % 5.50 % 99.81 % 1.3 sec GTX TitanX (C/C++)
     
    31 OSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 4.54 % 12.03 % 5.79 % 100.00 % 50 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    M. Menze and A. Geiger: Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2015.
    32 CSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      4.57 % 13.04 % 5.98 % 99.99 % 80 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    Z. Lv, C. Beall, P. Alcantarilla, F. Li, Z. Kira and F. Dellaert: A Continuous Optimization Approach for Efficient and Accurate Scene Flow. European Conf. on Computer Vision (ECCV) 2016.
    33 MBM     4.69 % 13.05 % 6.08 % 100.00 % 0.13 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    N. Einecke and J. Eggert: A Multi-Block-Matching Approach for Stereo. IV 2015.
    34 PR-Sceneflow
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 4.74 % 13.74 % 6.24 % 100.00 % 150 s 4 core @ 3.0 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
    C. Vogel, K. Schindler and S. Roth: Piecewise Rigid Scene Flow. ICCV 2013.
    35 SGM+DAISY   code 4.86 % 13.42 % 6.29 % 95.26 % 5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    36 DeepCostAggr     5.34 % 11.35 % 6.34 % 99.98 % 0.03 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    37 FSF+MS
    This method uses optical flow information.
    This method makes use of the epipolar geometry.
    This method makes use of multiple (>2) views.
      5.72 % 11.84 % 6.74 % 100.00 % 2.7 s 4 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    T. Taniai, S. Sinha and Y. Sato: Fast Multi-frame Stereo Scene Flow with Motion Segmentation. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2017) 2017.
    38 AABM     4.88 % 16.07 % 6.74 % 100.00 % 0.08 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    N. Einecke and J. Eggert: Stereo Image Warping for Improved Depth Estimation of Road Surfaces. IV 2013.
    39 SGM+C+NL
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 5.15 % 15.29 % 6.84 % 100.00 % 4.5 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    H. Hirschmüller: Stereo Processing by Semiglobal Matching and Mutual Information. PAMI 2008.
    D. Sun, S. Roth and M. Black: A Quantitative Analysis of Current Practices in Optical Flow Estimation and the Principles Behind Them. IJCV 2013.
    40 SGM+LDOF
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 5.15 % 15.29 % 6.84 % 100.00 % 86 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    H. Hirschmüller: Stereo Processing by Semiglobal Matching and Mutual Information. PAMI 2008.
    T. Brox and J. Malik: Large Displacement Optical Flow: Descriptor Matching in Variational Motion Estimation. PAMI 2011.
    41 SGM+SF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      5.15 % 15.29 % 6.84 % 100.00 % 45 min 16 core @ 3.2 Ghz (C/C++)
    H. Hirschmüller: Stereo Processing by Semiglobal Matching and Mutual Information. PAMI 2008.
    M. Hornacek, A. Fitzgibbon and C. Rother: SphereFlow: 6 DoF Scene Flow from RGB-D Pairs. CVPR 2014.
    42 SNCC     5.36 % 16.05 % 7.14 % 100.00 % 0.08 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    N. Einecke and J. Eggert: A Two-Stage Correlation Method for Stereoscopic Depth Estimation. DICTA 2010.
    43 rcam     6.17 % 14.01 % 7.47 % 100.00 % 12 s 8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
     
    44 DMDE     6.89 % 12.92 % 7.90 % 100.00 % 7 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    45 CSCT+SGM+MF     6.91 % 14.87 % 8.24 % 100.00 % 0.0064 s Nvidia GTX Titan X @ 1.0 Ghz (CUDA)
    D. Hernandez-Juarez, A. Chacon, A. Espinosa, D. Vazquez, J. Moure and A. Lopez: Embedded real-time stereo estimation via Semi-Global Matching on the GPU. Procedia Computer Science 2016.
    46 MeshStereo   code 5.82 % 21.21 % 8.38 % 100.00 % 87 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    C. Zhang, Z. Li, Y. Cheng, R. Cai, H. Chao and Y. Rui: MeshStereo: A Global Stereo Model With Mesh Alignment Regularization for View Interpolation. The IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) 2015.
    47 PCOF + ACTF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      6.31 % 19.24 % 8.46 % 100.00 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    M. Derome, A. Plyer, M. Sanfourche and G. Le Besnerais: A Prediction-Correction Approach for Real-Time Optical Flow Computation Using Stereo. German Conference on Pattern Recognition 2016.
    48 PCOF-LDOF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      6.31 % 19.24 % 8.46 % 100.00 % 50 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    M. Derome, A. Plyer, M. Sanfourche and G. Le Besnerais: A Prediction-Correction Approach for Real-Time Optical Flow Computation Using Stereo. German Conference on Pattern Recognition 2016.
    49 BRIEF     7.04 % 18.72 % 8.99 % 100.00 % 3.72 s 4 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    50 CPL+SP     7.09 % 19.89 % 9.22 % 99.78 % 5 min 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    51 ELAS   code 7.86 % 19.04 % 9.72 % 92.35 % 0.3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    A. Geiger, M. Roser and R. Urtasun: Efficient Large-Scale Stereo Matching. ACCV 2010.
    52 REAF   code 8.43 % 18.51 % 10.11 % 100.00 % 1.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    C. Cigla: Recursive Edge-Aware Filters for Stereo Matching. The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops 2015.
    53 iGF
    This method makes use of multiple (>2) views.
      8.64 % 21.85 % 10.84 % 100.00 % 220 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
    R. Hamzah, H. Ibrahim and A. Hassan: Stereo matching algorithm based on per pixel difference adjustment, iterative guided filter and graph segmentation. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 2016.
    54 OCV-SGBM   code 8.92 % 20.59 % 10.86 % 90.41 % 1.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    H. Hirschmueller: Stereo processing by semiglobal matching and mutual information. PAMI 2008.
    55 SDM     9.41 % 24.75 % 11.96 % 62.56 % 1 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    J. Kostkova: Stratified dense matching for stereopsis in complex scenes. BMVC 2003.
    56 DSGCA     10.54 % 20.79 % 12.25 % 100.00 % 144 s >8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    57 GCSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 11.64 % 27.11 % 14.21 % 100.00 % 2.4 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    J. Cech, J. Sanchez-Riera and R. Horaud: Scene Flow Estimation by growing Correspondence Seeds. CVPR 2011.
    58 CostFilter   code 17.53 % 22.88 % 18.42 % 100.00 % 4 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
    C. Rhemann, A. Hosni, M. Bleyer, C. Rother and M. Gelautz: Fast Cost-Volume Filtering for Visual Correspondence and Beyond. CVPR 2011.
    59 DWBSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
      19.61 % 22.69 % 20.12 % 100.00 % 7 min 4 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    C. Richardt, H. Kim, L. Valgaerts and C. Theobalt: Dense Wide-Baseline Scene Flow From Two Handheld Video Cameras. 3DV 2016.
    60 OCV-BM   code 24.29 % 30.13 % 25.27 % 58.54 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    G. Bradski: The OpenCV Library. Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools 2000.
    61 VSF
    This method uses optical flow information.
    code 27.31 % 21.72 % 26.38 % 100.00 % 125 min 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
    F. Huguet and F. Devernay: A Variational Method for Scene Flow Estimation from Stereo Sequences. ICCV 2007.
    62 SED     25.01 % 40.43 % 27.58 % 4.02 % 0.68 s 1 core @ 2.0 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    63 MST   code 45.83 % 38.22 % 44.57 % 100.00 % 7 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
    Q. Yang: A Non-Local Cost Aggregation Method for Stereo Matching. CVPR 2012.
    64 Test AD     58.86 % 57.65 % 58.66 % 100.00 % 181 s 2 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
     
    Table as LaTeX  |  Only published Methods



    Related Datasets

    • HCI/Bosch Robust Vision Challenge: Optical flow and stereo vision challenge on high resolution imagery recorded at a high frame rate under diverse weather conditions (e.g., sunny, cloudy, rainy). The Robert Bosch AG provides a prize for the best performing method.
    • Image Sequence Analysis Test Site (EISATS): Synthetic image sequences with ground truth information provided by UoA and Daimler AG. Some of the images come with 3D range sensor information.
    • Middlebury Stereo Evaluation: The classic stereo evaluation benchmark, featuring four test images in version 2 of the benchmark, with very accurate ground truth from a structured light system. 38 image pairs are provided in total.
    • Daimler Stereo Dataset: Stereo bad weather highway scenes with partial ground truth for freespace
    • Make3D Range Image Data: Images with small-resolution ground truth used to learn and evaluate depth from single monocular images.
    • Lubor Ladicky's Stereo Dataset: Stereo Images with manually labeled ground truth based on polygonal areas.
    • Middlebury Optical Flow Evaluation: The classic optical flow evaluation benchmark, featuring eight test images, with very accurate ground truth from a shape from UV light pattern system. 24 image pairs are provided in total.

    Citation

    When using this dataset in your research, we will be happy if you cite us:
    @INPROCEEDINGS{Menze2015CVPR,
      author = {Moritz Menze and Andreas Geiger},
      title = {Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles},
      booktitle = {Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
      year = {2015}

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Menze2015ISA,
      author = {Moritz Menze and Christian Heipke and Andreas Geiger},
      title = {Joint 3D Estimation of Vehicles and Scene Flow},
      booktitle = {ISPRS Workshop on Image Sequence Analysis (ISA)},
      year = {2015}
    }

    <think>好的,用户想要找关于KITTI数据集的示例代码或演示教程。首先,我需要回忆一下KITTI数据集的结构和常见用途。根据之前的引用内容,KITTI主要用于自动驾驶相关的计算机视觉任务,比如3D物体检测、跟踪、语义分割等。用户可能需要的是如何加载数据、处理传感器信息或运行评估的示例。 接下来,我应该考虑用户可能的背景。他们可能是研究人员或开发者,刚开始接触KITTI,需要具体的代码示例来开始工作。可能需要Python代码,因为这在机器学习领域比较常用。另外,用户提到的演示教程可能包括数据可视化的步骤,比如如何显示点云或图像标注。 然后,检查已有的引用资料。引用[4]详细介绍了KITTI的数据类型和应用场景,可以引用这部分说明数据集的结构。引用[2]提到他们提供了训练集到原始数据的映射,这可能意味着数据集的结构可能比较复杂,需要指导用户如何访问这些数据。 我需要确保提供的资源是可靠的官方资源或广泛认可的第三方库。比如pykitti是一个常用的Python工具包,处理KITTI数据比较方便。此外,官方的开发工具包可能有MATLAB的示例,但用户可能更倾向于Python。 还需要考虑用户可能遇到的问题,比如数据下载后的路径设置,依赖库的安装,以及如何解析不同的数据格式(如点云、图像、标注文件)。因此,示例代码应该包含这些步骤,并给出必要的注释。 最后,生成相关问题,帮助用户深入探索,比如数据预处理、模型训练或结果评估的示例,这些都是用户可能需要的后续步骤。同时,确保引用正确的来源,比如引用[4]和官方文档,以增加可信度。</think>关于KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite数据集的使用示例和代码资源,以下是分步骤说明及推荐资源: 1. **官方开发工具包** - 数据集官网提供MATLAB/Python开发工具包,包含数据加载、可视化、评估指标实现代码 - 访问http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/index.php下载`devkit`压缩包 - 包含3D检测、光流估计、深度补全等任务的示例脚本[^4] 2. **Python工具包推荐** ```python # 使用pykitti库加载数据 import pykitti # 设置数据路径 basedir = '/path/to/kitti/raw' date = '2011_09_26' drive = '0001' # 加载原始数据 data = pykitti.raw(basedir, date, drive) # 访问点云数据 point_cloud = data.get_velo(0) # 第0帧激光雷达数据 # 访问双目图像 left_img = data.get_cam2(0) # 左摄像头图像 right_img = data.get_cam3(0) # 右摄像头图像 ``` 3. **数据可视化示例** ```python # 可视化点云投影到图像 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # 将激光雷达坐标转换为图像坐标系 points_cam = data.calib.T_velo_to_cam @ point_cloud.T points_img = data.calib.P_rect_20 @ points_cam # 绘制投影点 plt.imshow(left_img) plt.scatter(points_img[0], points_img[1], c=points_img[2], cmap='viridis', s=1) plt.show() ``` 4. **官方基准测试示例** - 3D物体检测评估脚本:`evaluate_object_3d_offline`工具 - 跟踪基准测试:使用HOTA指标评估的TrackEval代码库[^3] 5. **GitHub热门项目参考** - [3D物体检测示例](https://github.com/kuixu/kitti_object_vis) - [点云处理教程](https://github.com/hengck23/didi-udacity-2017) - [多任务基准库](https://github.com/princeton-computational-imaging/SeeingThroughFog)
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