287. Find the Duplicate Number

本文介绍了一种高效的算法来找出数组中的重复数字,通过使用二分查找和链表循环检测的方法,实现了O(log n)的时间复杂度。

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Given an array nums containing n + 1 integers where each integer is between 1 and n (inclusive), prove that at least one duplicate number must exist. Assume that there is only one duplicate number, find the duplicate one.

Note:

  1. You must not modify the array (assume the array is read only).
  2. You must use only constant, O(1) extra space.
  3. Your runtime complexity should be less than O(n2).
  4. There is only one duplicate number in the array, but it could be repeated more than once.

实际上,我们可以根据抽屉原理简化刚才的暴力法。我们不一定要依次选择数,然后看是否有这个数的重复数,我们可以用二分法先选取n/2,按照抽屉原理,整个数组中如果小于等于n/2的数的数量大于n/2,说明1到n/2这个区间是肯定有重复数字的。比如6个抽屉,如果有7个袜子要放到抽屉里,那肯定有一个抽屉至少两个袜子。这里抽屉就是1到n/2的每一个数,而袜子就是整个数组中小于等于n/2的那些数。这样我们就能知道下次选择的数的范围,如果1到n/2区间内肯定有重复数字,则下次在1到n/2范围内找,否则在n/2到n范围内找。下次找的时候,还是找一半。

class Solution {
public:
    int findDuplicate(vector<int>& nums) {
          int n=nums.size()-1;
          int low=1;
          int high=n;
          int mid;
          while(low<high){
                mid=(low+high)/2;
                int count=0;
                for(int num:nums){
                    if(num<=mid) count++;
                }
                if(count>mid) high=mid;
                else low=mid+1; 
        }
        return low;
    }
};

假设数组中没有重复,那我们可以做到这么一点,就是将数组的下标和1到n每一个数一对一的映射起来。比如数组是213,则映射关系为0->2, 1->1, 2->3。假设这个一对一映射关系是一个函数f(n),其中n是下标,f(n)是映射到的数。如果我们从下标为0出发,根据这个函数计算出一个值,以这个值为新的下标,再用这个函数计算,以此类推,直到下标超界。实际上可以产生一个类似链表一样的序列。比如在这个例子中有两个下标的序列,0->2->3

但如果有重复的话,这中间就会产生多对一的映射,比如数组2131,则映射关系为0->2, {1,3}->1, 2->3。这样,我们推演的序列就一定会有环路了,这里下标的序列是0->2->3->1->1->1->1->...,而环的起点就是重复的数。

所以该题实际上就是找环路起点的题,和Linked List Cycle II一样。我们先用快慢两个下标都从0开始,快下标每轮映射两次,慢下标每轮映射一次,直到两个下标再次相同。

public class Solution {
    public int findDuplicate(int[] nums) {
        int slow = 0;
        int fast = 0;
        // 找到快慢指针相遇的地方
        do{
            slow = nums[slow];
            fast = nums[nums[fast]];
        } while(slow != fast);
        int find = 0;
        // 用一个新指针从头开始,直到和慢指针相遇
        while(find != slow){
            slow = nums[slow];
            find = nums[find];
        }
        return find;
    }
}

(c++题解,代码运行时间小于200ms,内存小于64MB,代码不能有注释)It’s time for the company’s annual gala! To reward employees for their hard work over the past year, PAT Company has decided to hold a lucky draw. Each employee receives one or more tickets, each of which has a unique integer printed on it. During the lucky draw, the host will perform one of the following actions: Announce a lucky number x, and the winner is then the smallest number that is greater than or equal to x. Ask a specific employee for all his/her tickets that have already won. Declare that the ticket with a specific number x wins. A ticket can win multiple times. Your job is to help the host determine the outcome of each action. Input Specification: The first line contains a positive integer N (1≤N≤10 5 ), representing the number of tickets. The next N lines each contains two parts separated by a space: an employee ID in the format PAT followed by a six-digit number (e.g., PAT202412) and an integer x (−10 9 ≤x≤10 9 ), representing the number on the ticket. Then the following line contains a positive integer Q (1≤Q≤10 5 ), representing the number of actions. The next Q lines each contain one of the following three actions: 1 x: Declare the ticket with the smallest number that is greater than or equal to x as the winner. 2 y: Ask the employee with ID y all his/her tickets that have already won. 3 x: Declare the ticket with number x as the winner. It is guaranteed that there are no more than 100 actions of the 2nd type (2 y). Output Specification: For actions of type 1 and 3, output the employee ID holding the winning ticket. If no valid ticket exists, output ERROR. For actions of type 2, if the employee ID y does not exist, output ERROR. Otherwise, output all winning ticket numbers held by this employee in the same order of input. If no ticket wins, output an empty line instead. Sample Input: 10 PAT000001 1 PAT000003 5 PAT000002 4 PAT000010 20 PAT000001 2 PAT000008 7 PAT000010 18 PAT000003 -5 PAT102030 -2000 PAT000008 15 11 1 10 2 PAT000008 2 PAT000001 3 -10 1 9999 1 -10 3 2 1 0 3 1 2 PAT000001 3 -2000 Sample Output: PAT000008 15 ERROR ERROR PAT000003 PAT000001 PAT000001 PAT000001 1 2 PAT102030
08-12
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