4.1非归档模式下的备份与恢复
备份方案：采用OS冷备份
1.连接数据库并创建测试表
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production on Tue May 6 13:46:32 2003
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int);
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2.备份数据库
SQL> @coldbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @coldbak.sql
3.再插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
4.关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
5.毁坏一个或多个数据文件，如删除user01.dbf
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏
6.重新启动数据库，会发现如下错误
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
在报警文件中，会有更详细的信息
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
7.拷贝备份复原到原来位置(restore过程)
C:\>xcopy d:\database\*.* d:\oracle\oradata\test/H/R/S
8.打开数据库，检查数据
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
这里可以发现，数据库恢复成功，但在备份之后与崩溃之前的数据丢失了。
说明：
1、非归档模式下的恢复方案可选性很小，一般情况下只能有一种恢复方式，就是数据库的冷备份的完全恢复，仅仅需要拷贝原来的备份就可以(restore)，不需要recover。
2、这种情况下的恢复，可以完全恢复到备份的点上，但是可能是丢失数据的，在备份之后与崩溃之前的数据将全部丢失。
3、不管毁坏了多少数据文件或是联机日志或是控制文件，都可以通过这个办法恢复，因为这个恢复过程是Restore所有的冷备份文件，而这个备份点上的所有文件是一致的，与最新的数据库没有关系，就好比把数据库又放到了一个以前的“点”上。
4、对于非归档模式下，最好的办法就是采用OS的冷备份，建议不要用RMAN来作冷备份，效果不好，因为RMAN不备份联机日志，restore不能根本解决问题。
5、如果没有备份联机日志，如RMAN的备份，就需要利用不完全恢复(until cancel)的方法来重新创建联机日志文件
4.2归档模式下丢失或损坏一个数据文件
4.2.1 OS备份方案
在归档方式下损坏或丢失一个数据文件，如果存在相应的备份与该备份以来的归档日志，恢复还是比较简单的，可以作到尽量少的Down机时间，并能作到数据库的完全恢复。
1、连接数据库，创建测试表并插入记录
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production on Tue May 6 13:46:32 2003
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、备份数据库
SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @hotbak.sql
3、继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、关闭数据库，模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏
5、启动数据库错误，脱机该数据文件
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
还可以查看报警文件（见上一个恢复案例）或动态视图v$recover_file
如SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
FILE# ONLINE ERROR CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------
3 ONLINE 1013500 2003-05-07
脱机数据文件
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;
Database altered.
6、打开数据库，拷贝备份回来(restore)，恢复(recover)该数据文件，并联机
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
拷贝备份从备份处
copy d:\databak\ users01.dbf d:\oracle\oradata\test;
恢复该数据文件
SQL> recover datafile 3;
ORA-00279: change 1053698 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:26 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC
ORA-00280: change 1053698 for thread 1 is in sequence #304
Specify log: {=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
AUTO
ORA-00279: change 1053701 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:39 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00305.ARC
ORA-00280: change 1053701 for thread 1 is in sequence #305
ORA-00278: log file 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC' no
longer needed for this recovery
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.
恢复成功，联机该数据文件
SQL> alter database datafile 3 online;
Database altered.
7、检查数据库的数据（完全恢复）
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
说明：
1、采用热备份，需要运行在归档模式下，可以实现数据库的完全恢复，也就是说，从备份后到数据库崩溃时的数据都不会丢失。
2、可以采用全备份数据库的方式备份，对于特殊情况，也可以只备份特定的数据文件，如只备份用户表空间（一般情况下对于某些写特别频繁的数据文件，可以单独加大备份频率）
3、如果在恢复过程中，发现损坏的是多个数据文件，即可以采用一个一个数据文件的恢复方法（第5步中需要对数据文件一一脱机，第6步中需要对数据文件分别恢复），也可以采用整个数据库的恢复方法。
4、如果是系统表空间的损坏，不能采用此方法
4.2.2 RMAN备份方案
RMAN也可以进行联机备份，而且备份与恢复方法将比OS备份更简单可靠。
1、连接数据库，创建测试表并插入记录
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production on Tue May 6 13:46:32 2003
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、备份数据库表空间users
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> backup tag 'tsuser' format 'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'
4> tablespace users;
5> release channel c1;
6> }
RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1
RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=16 devtype=DISK
RMAN-03022: compiling command: backup
RMAN-03025: performing implicit partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03023: executing command: backup
RMAN-08008: channel c1: starting full datafile backupset
RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03
RMAN-08010: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00003 name=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
RMAN-08013: channel c1: piece 1 created
RMAN-08503: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1 comment=NONE
RMAN-08525: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: release
RMAN-03023: executing command: release
RMAN-08031: released channel: c1
RMAN>
3、继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL>r
1* alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、关闭数据库，模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
5、启动数据库，检查错误
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'
6、先打开数据库
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
7、恢复该表空间
恢复脚本可以是恢复单个数据文件
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore datafile 3;
recover datafile 3;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
也可以是,恢复表空间
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore tablespace users;
recover tablespace users;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
过程如下：
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> restore datafile 3;
4> recover datafile 3;
5> sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
6> release channel c1;
7> }
RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1
RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=13 devtype=DISK
RMAN-03022: compiling command: restore
RMAN-03022: compiling command: IRESTORE
RMAN-03023: executing command: IRESTORE
RMAN-08016: channel c1: starting datafile backupset restore
RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03
RMAN-08089: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
RMAN-08523: restoring datafile 00003 to D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
RMAN-08023: channel c1: restored backup piece 1
RMAN-08511: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1 tag=TSUSER params=NULL
RMAN-08024: channel c1: restore complete
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(1)
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(2)
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(3)
RMAN-03023: executing command: recover(3)
RMAN-08054: starting media recovery
RMAN-03022: compiling command: recover(4)
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 332 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARC
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 333 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00333.ARC
RMAN-06050: archivelog thread 1 sequence 334 is already on disk as file D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00334.ARC
RMAN-03023: executing command: recover(4)
RMAN-08515: archivelog filename=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARC thread=1 sequence=332
RMAN-08055: media recovery complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: sql
RMAN-06162: sql statement: alter database datafile 3 online
RMAN-03023: executing command: sql
RMAN-03022: compiling command: release
RMAN-03023: executing command: release
RMAN-08031: released channel: c1
RMAN>
8、检查数据是否完整
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
说明：
1、RMAN也可以实现单个表空间或数据文件的恢复，恢复过程可以在mount下或open方式下，如果在open方式下恢复，可以减少down机时间
2、如果损坏的是一个数据文件，建议offline并在open方式下恢复
3、这里可以看到，RMAN进行数据文件与表空间恢复的时候，代码都比较简单，而且能保证备份与恢复的可靠性，所以建议采用RMAN的备份与恢复
4.3丢失多个数据文件，实现整个数据库的恢复
4.3.1 OS备份方案
OS备份归档模式下损坏（丢失）多个数据文件，进行整个数据库的恢复
1、连接数据库，创建测试表并插入记录
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.6.0.0 - Production on Tue May 6 13:46:32 2003
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int);
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、备份数据库，备份除临时数据文件后的所数据文件
SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @hotbak.sql
3、继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、关闭数据库，模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF
C:\>del D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏（这里删除多个数据文件）
5、启动数据库，检查错误
SQL> STARTUP
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'
详细信息可以查看报警文件
ORA-1157 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE OPEN...
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 2 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 2: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 5 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 5: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 6: 'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
通过查询v$recover_file可以看到
SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
FILE# ONLINE ERROR CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------
1 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
2 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
5 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
6 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
有四个数据文件需要恢复
( 未完，见 (piner) ORACLE备份&恢复案例 3)
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转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/283894/viewspace-402167/
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