数据库管理员必会100个英文词汇-优快云博客

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一、数据库架构

Database [ˈdeɪtəbeɪs] (n.) 数据库
Oracle Database 21c supports blockchain tables.
Instance [ˈɪnstəns] (n.) 实例
The MySQL instance consumes 8GB RAM.
Schema [ˈskiːmə] (n.) 模式
Create separate schemas for dev and prod.
Tablespace [ˈteɪblspeɪs] (n.) 表空间
Move historical data to ARCHIVE tablespace.
Datafile [ˈdeɪtəfaɪl] (n.) 数据文件
Resize datafile: ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '+DATA/file.dbf' RESIZE 10G;

二、存储结构

Segment [ˈseɡmənt] (n.) 段
Table segments grow with INSERT operations.
Extent [ɪkˈstent] (n.) 区
Uniform extents of 1MB improve space management.
Block [blɒk] (n.) 数据块
8KB block size optimizes OLTP workloads.
Rowid [ˈrəʊɪd] (n.) 行标识
ROWID provides physical row location.
Cluster [ˈklʌstə] (n.) 簇
Index clusters store related rows together.

三、事务管理

Transaction [trænˈzækʃn] (n.) 事务
COMMIT ends a successful transaction.
Undo [ˈʌnduː] (n.) 撤销
Undo tablespace stores rollback data.
Redo Log [ˈriːduː lɒɡ] (n.) 重做日志
Redo logs are essential for crash recovery.
Checkpoint [ˈtʃekpɔɪnt] (n.) 检查点
Checkpoints flush dirty buffers to disk.
Savepoint [ˈseɪvpɔɪnt] (n.) 保存点
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT undoes partial work.

四、并发控制

Lock [lɒk] (n.) 锁
Row exclusive locks allow concurrent updates.
Latch [lætʃ] (n.) 闩锁
Cache buffers chains latch protects buffer headers.
Deadlock [ˈdedlɒk] (n.) 死锁
Deadlock detected: ORA-00060 error.
MVCC [ˌemviːsiːˈsiː] (n.) 多版本并发控制
MVCC eliminates read-write conflicts.
Snapshot Isolation [ˈsnæpʃɒt ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] (n.) 快照隔离
READ COMMITTED uses statement-level snapshots.

五、备份恢复

RMAN [ˈɑːrmæn] (n.) Oracle恢复管理器
RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;
XtraBackup [ˈɛkstrəbækʌp] (n.) MySQL热备工具
XtraBackup performs non-blocking backups.
Full Backup [fʊl ˈbækʌp] (n.) 全量备份
Weekly full backups on Sunday 2AM.
Incremental Backup [ˌɪnkrəˈmentl ˈbækʌp] (n.) 增量备份
Daily incremental backups save storage.
Point-in-Time Recovery [pɔɪnt ɪn taɪm rɪˈkʌvəri] (n.) 时间点恢复
Recover database to 2023-07-26 14:00:00.

六、高可用架构

RAC [ræk] (n.) Oracle集群
RAC instances share SGAs via cache fusion.
AlwaysOn [ˈɔːlweɪz ɒn] (n.) SQL Server高可用
AlwaysOn availability groups provide failover.
Replication [ˌreplɪˈkeɪʃn] (n.) 复制
MySQL asynchronous replication has lag risk.
Failover [ˈfeɪləʊvə] (n.) 故障转移
Automatic failover within 15 seconds.
Patroni [pəˈtroʊni] (n.) PostgreSQL高可用框架
Patroni manages PostgreSQL switchover.

七、性能优化

Execution Plan [ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn plæn] (n.) 执行计划
Explain plan shows full table scan.
Cardinality [ˌkɑːdɪˈnæləti] (n.) 基数
Actual cardinality 1000 vs estimated 100.
Histogram [ˈhɪstəɡræm] (n.) 直方图
Height-balanced histogram for skewed data.
Index [ˈɪndeks] (n.) 索引
Create B-tree index on customer_id.
Partitioning [pɑːˈtɪʃənɪŋ] (n.) 分区
Range partitioning by sale_date.

八、内存管理

SGA [ˌesdʒiːˈeɪ] (n.) 系统全局区
SGA includes buffer cache and shared pool.
PGA [ˌpiːdʒiːˈeɪ] (n.) 程序全局区
PGA stores session-specific sort areas.
Buffer Cache [ˈbʌfə kæʃ] (n.) 缓冲池
Buffer cache hit ratio should be >90%.
Shared Pool [ʃeəd puːl] (n.) 共享池
Flush shared pool: ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;
In-Memory [ɪn ˈmeməri] (adj.) 内存计算
Oracle Database In-Memory accelerates analytics.

九、安全管理

Authentication [ɔːˌθentɪˈkeɪʃn] (n.) 认证
Enable Kerberos authentication.
Authorization [ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃn] (n.) 授权
GRANT SELECT ON sales TO analyst;
Encryption [ɪnˈkrɪpʃn] (n.) 加密
Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) protects datafiles.
Auditing [ˈɔːdɪtɪŋ] (n.) 审计
Unified auditing tracks privileged users.
VPD [ˌviːpiːˈdiː] (n.) 虚拟专用数据库
VPD policies enforce row-level security.

十、监控诊断

AWR [ˈɔːr] (n.) Oracle自动负载仓库
Generate AWR report: @?/rdbms/admin/awrrpt.sql
ASH [æʃ] (n.) 活动会话历史
ASH samples active sessions every second.
Wait Event [weɪt ɪˈvent] (n.) 等待事件
db file sequential read indicates index access.
Trace File [treɪs faɪl] (n.) 跟踪文件
Trace file location: BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST
Performance Schema [pəˈfɔːməns ˈskiːmə] (n.) MySQL性能监控
Query performance_schema.events_statements_summary

其他

Data Dictionary [ˈdeɪtə ˈdɪkʃənri] (n.) 数据字典
Query data dictionary views for table metadata.
Control File [kənˈtrəʊl faɪl] (n.) 控制文件
Multiplex control files on different disks.
Parameter File [pəˈræmɪtə faɪl] (n.) 参数文件
Edit init.ora to adjust memory settings.
Alert Log [əˈlɜːt lɒɡ] (n.) 警报日志
Monitor alert log for ORA-00600 errors.
SQL Profile [ˌeskjuːˈel ˈprəʊfaɪl] (n.) SQL概要文件
SQL Profile fixes suboptimal execution plans.
HWM [eɪtʃdʌbljuːˈem] (n.) 高水位线
TRUNCATE resets HWM more efficiently than DELETE.
Fragmentation [ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn] (n.) 碎片
Rebuild indexes when fragmentation exceeds 30%.
Compression [kəmˈpreʃn] (n.) 压缩
Advanced compression reduces storage costs by 70%.
Sharding [ˈʃɑːdɪŋ] (n.) 分片
Hash-based sharding distributes writes evenly.
PDB [ˌpiːdiːˈbiː] (n.) 可插拔数据库
Create multiple PDBs in a CDB container.
CDB [ˌsiːdiːˈbiː] (n.) 容器数据库
CDB$ROOT manages all PDBs in Oracle.
Tablespace [ˈteɪblspeɪs] (n.) 表空间
SYSAUX tablespace stores AWR historical data.
Segment [ˈseɡmənt] (n.) 段
LOB segments store large binary objects.
Extent [ɪkˈstent] (n.) 区
Allocate uniform extents for predictable growth.
Block [blɒk] (n.) 块
Block corruption requires media recovery.
Row [rəʊ] (n.) 行
Row migration degrades query performance.
Column [ˈkɒləm] (n.) 列
Virtual columns reduce storage overhead.
Constraint [kənˈstreɪnt] (n.) 约束
Foreign key constraints enforce referential integrity.
Trigger [ˈtrɪɡə] (n.) 触发器
Avoid row-level triggers in high-volume tables.
Materialized View [məˈtɪəriəlaɪzd vjuː] (n.) 物化视图
Materialized views precompute complex joins.
Synonym [ˈsɪnənɪm] (n.) 同义词
Public synonyms simplify object access.
Sequence [ˈsiːkwəns] (n.) 序列
Sequences generate unique primary keys.
Directory Object [dɪˈrektəri ˈɒbdʒɪkt] (n.) 目录对象
Directory objects enable external table access.
LOB [lɒb] (n.) 大对象
Store XML files in CLOB columns.
Partition Key [pɑːˈtɪʃn kiː] (n.) 分区键
Choose partition key wisely for partition pruning.
Subpartition [ˌsʌbpɑːˈtɪʃn] (n.) 子分区
Composite partitioning uses range-hash subpartitions.
Tablespace [ˈteɪblspeɪs] (n.) 表空间
Temporary tablespaces handle sorting operations.
Undo Tablespace [ˈʌnduː ˈteɪblspeɪs] (n.) 撤销表空间
Size undo tablespace based on UNDO_RETENTION.
Redo Log Group [ˈriːduː lɒɡ ɡruːp] (n.) 重做日志组
Add redo log groups to prevent wait events.
Standby Database [ˈstændbaɪ ˈdeɪtəbeɪs] (n.) 备库
Physical standby databases apply redo logs.
Data Guard [ˈdeɪtə ɡɑːd] (n.) 数据卫士
Data Guard Broker automates failover.
GoldenGate [ˈɡəʊldənɡeɪt] (n.) 数据复制软件
GoldenGate supports zero-downtime migrations.
SQL Plan Baseline [ˌeskjuːˈel plæn ˈbeɪslaɪn] (n.) SQL计划基线
Freeze execution plans with SQL baselines.
Cursor [ˈkɜːsə] (n.) 游标
Cursor sharing improves parse efficiency.
Bind Variable [baɪnd ˈveəriəbl] (n.) 绑定变量
Bind variables prevent SQL injection.
Latency [ˈleɪtənsi] (n.) 延迟
Replication latency causes reporting delays.
Throughput [ˈθruːpʊt] (n.) 吞吐量
NVMe drives boost I/O throughput.
Connection Pool [kəˈnekʃn puːl] (n.) 连接池
HikariCP optimizes connection pooling.
Session [ˈseʃn] (n.) 会话
Kill blocking sessions with ALTER SYSTEM.
Transaction [trænˈzækʃn] (n.) 事务
Long-running transactions fill undo space.
Deadlock [ˈdedlɒk] (n.) 死锁
Deadlock graph identifies conflicting objects.
Latch [lætʃ] (n.) 闩锁
Latch free wait indicates contention.
Mutex [ˈmjuːteks] (n.) 互斥锁
Library cache mutex protects SQL parsing.
Snapshot [ˈsnæpʃɒt] (n.) 快照
Storage snapshots require application freeze.
Backup Set [ˈbækʌp set] (n.) 备份集
RMAN backup sets are compressed by default.
Archive Log [ˈɑːkaɪv lɒɡ] (n.) 归档日志
Archive log deletion policy prevents space issues.
Flashback [ˈflæʃbæk] (n.) 闪回
Flashback database rewinds entire DB.
RMAN Catalog [ˈɑːrmæn ˈkætəlɒɡ] (n.) RMAN恢复目录
Register databases in recovery catalog.
Incremental Backup [ˌɪnkrəˈmentl ˈbækʌp] (n.) 增量备份
Level 0 incremental is full backup base.
Block Change Tracking [blɒk tʃeɪndʒ ˈtrækɪŋ] (n.) 块跟踪
Block tracking accelerates incremental backups.