Spring 基于注解装配Bean

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本文介绍了Spring基于注解的配置，从Spring 2.5开始可用注解配置依赖注入，取代XML。详细说明了创建Bean的注解，如@Component及其衍生注解；还阐述了依赖注入，包括普通值注入、引用值注入，以及生命周期和作用域的注解使用，并给出了测试情况。

文章目录

- Spring 基于注解的配置

Spring 基于注解的配置

从 Spring 2.5 开始就可以使用注解来配置依赖注入。而不是采用 XML 来描述一个 bean 连线，你可以使用相关类，方法或字段声明的注解，将 bean 配置移动到组件类本身。

注解：就是一个类，使用@注解名称
开发中：使用注解取代 xml配置文件。

创建Bean

@Component取代<bean class="">
@Component(“id”) 取代 <bean id="" class="">

web开发，提供3个@Component注解衍生注解（功能一样）取代<bean class="">

@Repository ：dao层
@Service：service层
@Controller：web层

注解使用前提，添加命名空间，让spring扫描含有注解类

配置

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       					   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
       					   http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       					   http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
    
    <!-- 组件扫描，扫描含有注解的类 -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.cc.study.annotation"></context:component-scan>


</beans>

schema命名空间
User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    private String username;
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo01(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user);
    }

结果发现报错了，报错如下：

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
	at org.springframework.asm.ClassReader.<init>(Unknown Source)
	at org.springframework.asm.ClassReader.<init>(Unknown Source)
	at org.springframework.asm.ClassReader.<init>(Unknown Source)
	at org.springframework.core.type.classreading.SimpleMetadataReader.<init>(SimpleMetadataReader.java:52)
	at org.springframework.core.type.classreading.SimpleMetadataReaderFactory.getMetadataReader(SimpleMetadataReaderFactory.java:80)
	at org.springframework.core.type.classreading.CachingMetadataReaderFactory.getMetadataReader(CachingMetadataReaderFactory.java:101)
	at org.springframework.core.type.classreading.SimpleMetadataReaderFactory.getMetadataReader(SimpleMetadataReaderFactory.java:76)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.getImports(ConfigurationClassParser.java:298)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.getImports(ConfigurationClassParser.java:300)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.getImports(ConfigurationClassParser.java:300)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.doProcessConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:230)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.processConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:153)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.parse(ConfigurationClassParser.java:130)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.processConfigBeanDefinitions(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:285)
	at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.postProcessBeanDefinitionRegistry(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:223)
	at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(AbstractApplicationContext.java:630)
	at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:461)
	at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139)
	at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83)
	at com.cc.study.annotation.TestAnnotation.demo01(TestAnnotation.java:16)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
	at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
	at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:76)
	at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:50)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
	at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
	at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:157)
	at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:117)
	at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:42)
	at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:262)
	at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:84)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
	at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:147)

然后我试了一下把Spring的版本改成4.0，把JDK改为1.8即可

<dependencies>
        <!-- 4个核心（beans、core、context、expression） -->
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>4.2.0.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-beans -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
            <version>4.2.0.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
            <version>4.2.0.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-expression -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-expression</artifactId>
            <version>4.2.0.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.7</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.8</source>
                    <target>1.8</target>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

测试结果：
在这里插入图片描述

依赖注入

依赖注入，给私有字段设置，也可以给setter方法设置

普通值注入

使用@Value

User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
}

测试

  @Test
    public void demo02(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user.getUsername());
    }

在这里插入图片描述

引用值注入

方式1：按照【类型】注入
@Autowired

Address

@Component
public class Address {
    @Value("北京")
    private String addr;
    @Value("112")
    private String tel;

    public String getAddr() {
        return addr;
    }

    public void setAddr(String addr) {
        this.addr = addr;
    }

    public String getTel() {
        return tel;
    }

    public void setTel(String tel) {
        this.tel = tel;
    }
}

User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;
    @Autowired
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo03(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user.getUsername());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getAddr());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getTel());
    }

在这里插入图片描述

方式2：按照【名称】注入1
@Autowired
@Qualifier(“名称”)

Address

@Component("addressId")
public class Address {
    @Value("北京")
    private String addr;
    @Value("112")
    private String tel;

    public String getAddr() {
        return addr;
    }

    public void setAddr(String addr) {
        this.addr = addr;
    }

    public String getTel() {
        return tel;
    }

    public void setTel(String tel) {
        this.tel = tel;
    }
}

User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier("addressId")
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo03(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user.getUsername());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getAddr());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getTel());
    }

在这里插入图片描述

方式3：按照【名称】注入2
@Resource(name=“名称”)

User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;

    @Resource(name = "addressId")
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo03(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user.getUsername());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getAddr());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getTel());
    }

在这里插入图片描述

生命周期

初始化：@PostConstruct
销毁：@PreDestroy

User

@Component("userId")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;

    @Resource(name = "addressId")
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    @PostConstruct
    public void init(){
        System.out.println("初始化");
    }
    @PreDestroy
    public void destroy(){
        System.out.println("销毁");
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo04(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        AbstractApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user.getUsername());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getAddr());
        System.out.println(user.getAddress().getTel());
        applicationContext.close();
    }

在这里插入图片描述

作用域

@Scope(“prototype”) 多例

User

@Component("userId")
@Scope("prototype")
public class User {
    @Value("Kevin")
    private String username;

    @Resource(name = "addressId")
    private Address address;

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    @PostConstruct
    public void init(){
        System.out.println("初始化");
    }
    @PreDestroy
    public void destroy(){
        System.out.println("销毁");
    }
}

测试

 @Test
    public void demo05(){
        String xmlPath = "annotation.xml";
        AbstractApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(xmlPath);
        User user1 = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        User user2 = (User) applicationContext.getBean("userId");
        System.out.println(user1);
        System.out.println(user2);
    }

在这里插入图片描述