Elasticsearch 基本查询（Query查询）_elasticsearch.index.query详解-优快云博客

本文详细介绍Elasticsearch中的基本查询方法，包括简单的term、terms、match查询，以及复杂的前缀、范围、模糊查询等。同时，介绍了如何控制查询结果的数量、排序、返回字段和高亮显示。

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基本查询（Query查询）
数据准备及简单查询
# 首先做一个数据准备，创建一个索引
PUT /lib3
{
"settings": {
"number_of_shards": 3,
"number_of_replicas": 0
},
"mappings": {
"user": {
"properties": {
"name": {"type": "text"},
"address": {"type": "text"},
"age": {"type": "integer"},
"interests": {"type": "text"},
"birthday": {"type": "date"}
}
}
}
}

# 添加一些文档
PUT /lib3/user/1
{
"name": "zhaoliu",
"address": "hei long jiang sheng tie ling shi",
"age": 50,
"birthday": "1970-12-12",
"interests": "xi huan hejiu, duanlian,lvyou"
}

PUT /lib3/user/2
{
"name": "zhaoming",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 20,
"birthday": "1998-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan hejiu, duanlian,changge"
}

PUT /lib3/user/3
{
"name": "lisi",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 23,
"birthday": "1998-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan hejiu, duanlian,changge"
}

PUT /lib3/user/4
{
"name": "wangwu",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 26,
"birthday": "1995-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan biancheng, tingyinyue,lvyou"
}

PUT /lib3/user/5
{
"name": "zhangsan",
"address": "bei jing chao yang qu",
"age": 29,
"birthday": "1988-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan tingyinyue,changge,tiaowu"
}

# 简单查询
GET /lib3/user/_search?q=name:lisi
# 返回结果
{
"took": 9,             # took：当前搜索所用时间
"time_out": false,        # time_out：是否超时
"_shards": {             # shards：分片信息
"total": 3,         # 总分片数
"successful": 3,    # 请求**成功**的分片数
"skipped": 0,        # 请求**跳过**的分片数
"failed": 0        # 请求**失败**的分片数
},
"hits": {
"total": 1,         # 查询出的文档数
"max_score": 0.6931472, # 相关度分数（即查出的文档和搜索条件的匹配度，完全匹配为最大值1）
"hits": [
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "3",
"_score": 0.6931472,
"_source": {
"name": "lisi",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 23,
"birthday": "1998-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan he jiu, duan lian,chang ge"
}
}
]
}
}

# 简单查询
# 查询兴趣是changge的人，并对age进行降序排列
GET /lib3/user/_search?q=interests:changge&sort=age:desc
# 返回结果
{
"took": 17,
"time_out": false,
"_shards": {
"total": 3,
"successful": 3,
"skipped": 0,
"failed": 0
},
"hits": {
"total": 3,
"max_score": null,
"hits": [
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "5",
"_score": null,
"_source": {
"name": "zhangsan",
"address": "bei jing chao yang qu",
"age": 29,
"birthday": "1988-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan tingyinyue,changge,tiaowu"
},
"sort": [
29
]
},
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "5",
"_score": null,
"_source": {
"name": "lisi",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 23,
"birthday": "1998-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan hejiu,duanlian,cahngge"
},
"sort": [
23
]
},
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "5",
"_score": null,
"_source": {
"name": "zhaoming",
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"age": 20,
"birthday": "1998-10-12",
"interests": "xi huan hejiu,duanlian,changge"
},
"sort": [
20
]
}
]
}
}
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term查询和terms查询
term query回去倒排索引中寻找确切的term（即精准查询），它并不知道分词器的存在。这种查询适合keyword，numeric，date。
term：查询某个字段里含有某个关键词的文档

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"term": {
"interests": "changge"
}
}
}
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terms：查询某个字段里含有多个关键字的文档

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"terms": {
"interests": ["hejiu", "changge"] # 这里多个条件是或（即or）的关系
}
}
}
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控制查询返回的数量
from：从哪一个文档开始
size：需要的个数

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"from": 0,
"size": 2,
"query": {
"terms": {
"interests": ["hejiu", "changge"]
}
}
}
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返回版本号
version：当设置version为true时，查询的文档中将返回版本信息，默认情况是false（即不设置的version时）

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"version": true,
"query": {
"terms": {
"interests": ["hejiu", "changge"]
}
}
}
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match查询
match query知道分词器的存在，会对filed进行分词操作，然后在查询

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"name": "zhaoliu"
}
}
}
# 分词的体现
# 匹配的条件越多，相似度的值将会越高
GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"name": "zhaoliu zhaoming"
}
}
}

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"age": 20
}
}
}
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match_all：查询所有文档

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
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multi_match：可以指定多个字段

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"multi_match": {
"query": "lvyou",
"fields": [
"interests",
"name"
]
}
}
}
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match_phrase：短语匹配查询
Elasticsearch引擎首先分析（analyze）查询字符串，从分析后的文本中构建短语查询，这意味着必须匹配短语中的所有分词，并且保证各个分词的相对位置不变；

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match_phrase": {
"interests": "duanlian, shuoxiangsheng"
}
}
}
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指定返回的字段
_source：可在_source中设置想返回的字段

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"_source": [
"address",
"name"
],
"query": {
"match": {
"interests": "changge"
}
}
}
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控制加载的字段
includes：包含某些字段，可以使用通配符进行查询
excludes：排除某些字段，可以使用通配符进行查询

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"_source": {
"includes": ["name", "address"],
"excludes": ["age", "birthday"]
},
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}

# 使用通配符查询
GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"_source": {
"includes": ["addr*"],
"excludes": ["name", "bir*"]
},
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
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排序
使用sort实现排序：desc降序、asc升序

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"sort": [
{
"age": {
"order": "asc"
}
}
],
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"sort": [
{
"age": {
"order": "desc"
}
}
],
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
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前缀匹配查询
GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match_phrase_prefilx": {
"name": {
"query": "zhao"
}
}
}
}
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范围查询
range：实现范围查询
参数：from、to、include_lower、include_upper、boost
include_lower：是否包含范围的左边界，默认是true
include_upper：是否包含范围的右边界，默认是true

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"range": {
"birthday": {
"from": "1990-10-10",
"to": "2018-05-01"
}
}
}
}

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"range": {
"age": {
"from": 20,
"to": 25,
"include_lower": true,
"include_upper": false
}
}
}
}
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wildcard查询
允许使用通配符 * 和 ? 来进行查询
*：代表0个或者多个字符
?：代表任意一个字符

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"wildcard": {
"name": "zhao*"
}
}
}

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"wildcard": {
"name": "li?i"
}
}
}
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fuzzy实现模糊查询
value：查询的关键字
boost：查询的权值，默认值是1.0
min_similarity：设置匹配的最小相似度，默认值为0.5，对于字符串，取值为0-1（包含0和1）；对于数值，取值可能大于1；对于日期类型取值为1d，1m等，1d就代表1天
prefix_length：指明区分词项的共同前缀长度，默认是0
max_expansions：查询中的词项可以扩展的数目，默认可以无限大

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"fuzzy": {
"interests": "changge"
}
}
}

GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"fuzzy": {
"interests": {
"value": "chagge" # 此处changge写成了chagge，但因为模糊查询依然可以查出结果
}
}
}
}
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高亮搜索结果
GET /lib3/user/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"interests": "changge"
}
},
"highlight": {
"fields": {
"interests": {}
}
}
}
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查询结果分析
took：查询耗费的时间，单位是毫秒
_shard：共请求了多少个shard
total：查询出的文档总个数
max_score：本次查询中，相关度分数的最大值，文档和此次查询的匹配度越高，_score的值越大，排位越考前
hits：默认查询前10个文档
time_out：查询超时时间，设置超时时间将返回已经查询出来的数据
GET /lib3/user/_search?timeout=10ms
{
"_source": [
"address",
"name"
],
"query": {
"match": {
"interests": "changge"
}
}
}

{
"took": 419,
"time_out": false,
"_shards": {
"total": 3,
"successful": 3,
"skipped": 0,
"failed": 0
},
"hits": {
"total": 3,
"max_score": 0.6931472,
"hits": [
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "3",
"_score": 0.6931472,
"_source": {
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"name": "lisi"
}
},
{
"_index": "lib3",
"_type": "user",
"_id": "2",
"_score": 0.47000363,
"_source": {
"address": "bei jing hai dian qu qing he zhen",
"name": "lisi"
}
}
]
}
}
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多index、多type查询模式
# 查询所有文档，不管是哪个索引下的
GET _search

# 查询lib索引下所有文档
GET /lib/_search

# 指定lib、lib3索引下的所有文档
GET /lib,lib3/_search

# *号为通配符，查询结尾是3和4的索引下的所有文档
GET /*3,*4/_search
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# 可以指定类型type，（6.0以后一个_index下只能有一个_type，等价于GET /lib/_search）
GET /lib/user/_search

# 指定多个索引，多个类型，（6.0以后一个_index下只能有一个_type，等价于GET /lib,lib3/_search）
GET /lib,lib3/user,items/_search

# _all表示集群下的所有索引
GET /_all/_search

# 查询所有索引下，只查询user、items类型的文档
GET /_all/user,items/_search
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版权声明：本文为优快云博主「迷途码界」的原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。
原文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/zx711166/article/details/81811548