Ubuntu使用系列之一 - apt-get

apt-get常规使用

1 搜索软件

    $ apt-cache search 【关键字】($号是命令行的符号，不是命令的一部分，以下相同)

2 安装软件

    $ apt-get install 【关键字】

3 卸载软件

   $ apt-get remove 【关键字】

3 清理临时文件

    $ apt-get clean

    当使用apt-get install安装软件时，下载下来的rpm会放置在/var/cache/apt/archives,当磁盘空间不够时，可以清理掉。

4 查看一个软件的依赖

    $ apt-cache depends tomcat6

    输出参考：

tomcat6
  依赖: tomcat6-common
  依赖: ucf
  依赖: adduser
 |依赖: debconf
  依赖: <debconf-2.0>
    cdebconf
    debconf
  建议: tomcat6-docs
  建议: tomcat6-admin
  建议: tomcat6-examples
  建议: tomcat6-user
  建议: libtcnative-1
  推荐: authbind

5 更新软件清单

    $ apt-get update

6 软件升级（有两个命令）

    $ apt-get upgrade

    $ apt-get dist-upgrade

    apt源自Debian，Debian在同一版本编号下，依据软件成熟度又分为stable，testing和unstable3个版本

    上面两个命令的区别是upgrade不会为了解决依赖而安装新软件，而dist-upgrade会

     所以如果有冲突时，update会升级失败，而dist-upgrade则会尽量聪明得去处理（譬如自动卸载依赖的软件旧版本，安装依赖的新版本），具有一定的危险性。

7 如果还是不习惯用命令行，还有图形界面的apt-get，安装一下就可以了

    $ apt-get install synaptic

    以后在命令行敲 synaptic 就会运行新立得包管理器了

apt-get 使用手册

请自行man。。。

apt-get配置源

apt-get的配置文件是 : /etc/apt/sources.list

1、修改源地址：

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list

不过用vi的话就用gedit

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

原始文件的内容

#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release i386 (20130213)]/ precise main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mo.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner

## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

加入或者全部替换成如下内容：

## 网易源：
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
## 搜狐源：
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## 中科大
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

改完了要更新下：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade