Can Large Language Models (LLMs) Describe Pictures Like Children? A Comparative Corpus Study

文章主要内容与创新点总结

一、主要内容

该研究聚焦大型语言模型(LLMs)能否生成类似儿童的图片描述文本,通过将LLM生成语料与德语儿童图片故事描述语料(Litkey语料库)对比,从心理语言学视角展开分析。

  1. 研究基础与数据:以Litkey语料库为参照,该语料库包含251名平均年龄9.6岁的德国小学生对8个图片故事的1922篇描述文本;同时利用GPT-4V(零样本提示)和GPT-4o(少样本提示,含2个随机抽取的图片-描述示例对)生成两个LLM语料库,均基于相同图片故事,且提示中明确儿童平均年龄。
  2. 对比维度与方法:从词汇、句法、语义三个层面对比。词汇层面分析词频、词汇丰富度(log型-类比,log TTR)、词长;句法层面关注句长和词性标注(POS);语义层面借助fastText词嵌入模型计算余弦相似度,评估语义空间相似性,且所有语料均用Python的NLTK库处理,保留德语大小写以区分名词/动词,过滤功能词后分析。
  3. 核心结果
    • 词汇层面:LLM生成文本整体更长(LLM-ZS平均每篇189词,Litkey为111词),但词汇丰富度更低(Litkey的log TTR为0.71,LLM-ZS为0.64,LLM-FS为0.65),高频词依赖度更高,名词占比不足(Litkey名词占比30.42%,LLM-FS为24.06%);少样本提示使词频相关性略有提升(LLM-ZS与Litkey词频相关系数r=0.47,LLM-FS为0.58),但两语料库仅共享
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% Dropout fraction opts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex4 neural net with sigmoid activation functionrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.activation_function = 'sigm'; % Sigmoid activation functionnn.learningRate = 1; % Sigm require a lower learning rateopts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex5 plotting functionalityrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]);opts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through datann.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex6 neural net with sigmoid activation and plotting of validation and training error% split training data into training and validation datavx = train_x(1:10000,:);tx = train_x(10001:end,:);vy = train_y(1:10000,:);ty = train_y(10001:end,:);rand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]); nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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