Mid-Training of Large Language Models: A Survey

该文章是首篇系统梳理大型语言模型(LLMs)中期训练(Mid-Training)的综述,明确了中期训练在预训练与微调间的核心地位,构建了数据分布、学习率调度、长上下文扩展三大维度的分类体系,并提炼实践经验与未来方向。

一、文章主要内容

文章围绕LLMs中期训练展开全面分析,核心内容可分为五大模块:

1. 中期训练的定位与理论基础
  • 定位:中期训练是衔接通用预训练与任务微调的关键阶段,通过多轮“退火式”训练(数据质量优化、学习率调整、上下文长度扩展),解决预训练后期噪声数据效用下降、收敛不稳定、能力拓展受限等问题。
  • 理论支撑:从三个角度解释有效性
    • 梯度噪声规模(GNS):高质量数据提升信号方差,帮助模型跳出局部最优。
    • 信息瓶颈(IB):压缩噪声特征,保留任务关键信息,推动模型从记忆转向抽象。
    • 课程学习:逐步引入复杂数据(如推理、代码),强化模型高阶能力。
2. 中期训练的三大核心维度(分类体系)
  • 数据分布:聚焦高质量数据筛选与混合,主流数据类型包括高质量过滤网页数据(如FineWeb-Edu)、代码与数学数据(如Stack、OpenWebMath)、指令与问答数据(如EvolInstruct)、合成教材数据(如Cosmopedia)等;关键实践是“降采样低质数据+升采样高价值数据”,并维持数据分布连续性
视频算法 2024–2026 全景拆解:从「像素处理」到「时空生成」 如果你把 2020 年之前的视频算法论文和 2024 年之后的放在一起看,最大的差别不是"精度又高了两个点",而是问题被重新定义了。以前的逻辑是:视频 = 一堆需要被处理的帧。去噪、超分、插帧、编码,本质都是"给定输入,估计一个输出"的回归问题。所以评价指标是 PSNR、SSIM,优化目标是 MSE,一切都很确定、很可解释、很适合写进芯片。2024 年之后的逻辑变成:视频 = 一个需要被建模的时空分布。生成、复原、编码、理解,全部被统一到"在给定条件下的概率分布里采样"这件事上。 阅读详情

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B. Palm", title = "Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data", year = "2012",}```Contact: rasmusbergpalm at gmail dot comDirectories included in the toolbox-----------------------------------`NN/` - A library for Feedforward Backpropagation Neural Networks`CNN/` - A library for Convolutional Neural Networks`DBN/` - A library for Deep Belief Networks`SAE/` - A library for Stacked Auto-Encoders`CAE/` - A library for Convolutional Auto-Encoders`util/` - Utility functions used by the libraries`data/` - Data used by the examples`tests/` - unit tests to verify toolbox is workingFor references on each library check REFS.mdSetup-----1. Download.2. addpath(genpath('DeepLearnToolbox'));Example: Deep Belief Network---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_DBNload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(train_x) / 255;test_x = double(test_x) / 255;train_y = double(train_y);test_y = double(test_y);%% ex1 train a 100 hidden unit RBM and visualize its weightsrand('state',0)dbn.sizes = [100];opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;opts.momentum = 0;opts.alpha = 1;dbn = dbnsetup(dbn, train_x, opts);dbn = dbntrain(dbn, train_x, opts);figure; visualize(dbn.rbm{1}.W'); % Visualize the RBM weights%% ex2 train a 100-100 hidden unit DBN and use its weights to initialize a NNrand('state',0)%train dbndbn.sizes = [100 100];opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;opts.momentum = 0;opts.alpha = 1;dbn = dbnsetup(dbn, train_x, opts);dbn = dbntrain(dbn, train_x, opts);%unfold dbn to nnnn = dbnunfoldtonn(dbn, 10);nn.activation_function = 'sigm';%train nnopts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;nn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.10, 'Too big error');```Example: Stacked Auto-Encoders---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_SAEload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(train_x)/255;test_x = double(test_x)/255;train_y = double(train_y);test_y = double(test_y);%% ex1 train a 100 hidden unit SDAE and use it to initialize a FFNN% Setup and train a stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE)rand('state',0)sae = saesetup([784 100]);sae.ae{1}.activation_function = 'sigm';sae.ae{1}.learningRate = 1;sae.ae{1}.inputZeroMaskedFraction = 0.5;opts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;sae = saetrain(sae, train_x, opts);visualize(sae.ae{1}.W{1}(:,2:end)')% Use the SDAE to initialize a FFNNnn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.activation_function = 'sigm';nn.learningRate = 1;nn.W{1} = sae.ae{1}.W{1};% Train the FFNNopts.numepochs = 1;opts.batchsize = 100;nn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.16, 'Too big error');```Example: Convolutional Neural Nets---------------------```matlabfunction test_example_CNNload mnist_uint8;train_x = double(reshape(train_x',28,28,60000))/255;test_x = double(reshape(test_x',28,28,10000))/255;train_y = double(train_y');test_y = double(test_y');%% ex1 Train a 6c-2s-12c-2s Convolutional neural network %will run 1 epoch in about 200 second and get around 11% error. %With 100 epochs you'll get around 1.2% errorrand('state',0)cnn.layers = { struct('type', 'i') %input layer struct('type', 'c', 'outputmaps', 6, 'kernelsize', 5) %convolution layer struct('type', 's', 'scale', 2) %sub sampling layer struct('type', 'c', 'outputmaps', 12, 'kernelsize', 5) %convolution layer struct('type', 's', 'scale', 2) %subsampling layer};cnn = cnnsetup(cnn, train_x, train_y);opts.alpha = 1;opts.batchsize = 50;opts.numepochs = 1;cnn = cnntrain(cnn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = cnntest(cnn, test_x, test_y);%plot mean squared errorfigure; 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nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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