Analyzing and Mitigating False Premise Hallucinations in Large Language Models

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本文深入分析大型语言模型(LLM)的假前提幻觉问题,发现特定注意力头导致此问题。提出FAITH方法,通过约束这些注意力头,显著提升模型性能约20%。

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Whispers that Shake Foundations: Analyzing and Mitigating False Premise Hallucinations in Large Language Models》的翻译。

撼动根基的细语:分析和缓解大型语言模型中的虚假前提幻觉

摘要

大型语言模型(LLM)已经显示出令人印象深刻的功能,但仍然存在幻觉问题。这一问题的一个重要类型是假前提幻觉,我们将其定义为LLM在面对假前提问题时产生幻觉文本的现象。在本文中,我们对假前提幻觉进行了全面的分析,并阐明了其内部工作机制:一小部分注意力头(我们称之为假前提头)干扰了知识提取过程,导致了假前提幻觉的发生。基于我们的分析,我们提出了一种新的、有效的减轻假前提幻觉的方法——FAITH(用于制造幻觉的假前提注意头约束)。它约束了模型推理过程中的假前提注意头。令人印象深刻的是,大量的实验表明,仅约束模型中约1%的注意力头会显著提高模型性能近20%。

1 引言

2 背景

3 数据构建

4 幻觉分析

5 幻觉缓解

6 相关工作

7 结论

在本文中,我们对一种重要的幻觉类型——假前提幻觉进行了全面的分析。我们的分析从模型的表面开始,并逐渐深入研究,最终揭示了虚假前提注意力的存在。基于我们的分析,我们提出了一种新的假前提

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Language models have shown remarkable capabilities in predicting the effects of mutations on protein function without prior examples, a task known as zero-shot prediction. This ability is rooted in the way these models are trained and the vast amount of data they process. During training, language models learn to understand the context and relationships between different parts of a sequence. In the case of proteins, this means learning the relationships between amino acids and how changes in these sequences can affect the overall structure and function of the protein. By analyzing the co-occurrence patterns of amino acids across many protein sequences, language models can infer the importance of specific residues for maintaining the protein's function[^1]. When it comes to making predictions about mutations, language models can use the learned information to assess the likelihood that a particular mutation will disrupt the protein's function. This is done by evaluating the impact of the mutation on the local and global properties of the protein, such as its stability, folding, and interactions with other molecules. The model can then provide a score or probability indicating the effect of the mutation on the protein's function[^1]. One of the key advantages of using language models for zero-shot prediction is their ability to generalize from the data they have been trained on. Even without specific examples of certain mutations, the models can make educated guesses based on the general principles they have learned about protein sequences and structures. This makes them particularly useful for identifying potential disease-causing mutations or for guiding the design of new proteins with desired functions[^1]. For instance, a study demonstrated that a language model could predict the effects of mutations on the binding affinity of a protein to its ligand. The model was able to identify which mutations would lead to a decrease in binding affinity, even when those mutations had not been observed in the training data. This kind of prediction is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of genetic diseases and for developing targeted therapies[^1]. Here is a simplified example of how a language model might be used to predict the effects of mutations on protein function: ```python def predict_mutation_effect(model, wild_type_sequence, mutant_sequence): # Encode the sequences into a format suitable for the model encoded_wild_type = encode_sequence(wild_type_sequence) encoded_mutant = encode_sequence(mutant_sequence) # Get the model's predictions for both sequences wild_type_prediction = model.predict(encoded_wild_type) mutant_prediction = model.predict(encoded_mutant) # Calculate the difference in predictions to estimate the effect of the mutation effect = mutant_prediction - wild_type_prediction return effect ``` In this example, the `predict_mutation_effect` function takes a pre-trained model, a wild-type protein sequence, and a mutant sequence as inputs. It encodes the sequences into a format that the model can process, then uses the model to generate predictions for both sequences. The difference between these predictions is used to estimate the effect of the mutation on the protein's function. The application of language models in this domain is still an active area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the accuracy and reliability of these predictions. Nevertheless, the current capabilities of language models represent a significant step forward in our ability to understand and manipulate protein function through computational means[^1].
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