本文提供了C++编程学习路径及技巧，强调实践的重要性，并通过具体示例讲解如何使用标准库和调试工具理解程序运行机制。
转载请注明：http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/c602273091/article/details/50441325
Long time no see, old guys！(means C++)
Useful Warning
计算机组成原理→DOS命令→汇编语言→C语言（不包括C++）、代码书写规范→数据结构、编译原理、操作系统→计算机网络、数据库原理、正则表达式→其它语言（包括C++）、架构……
对学习编程者的忠告：
眼过千遍不如手过一遍！
书看千行不如手敲一行！
手敲千行不如单步一行！
单步源代码千行不如单步对应汇编一行！
单步类的实例“构造”或“复制”或“作为函数参数”或“作为函数返回值返回”或“参加各种运算”或“退出作用域”的语句对应的汇编代码几步后，就会来到该类的“构造函数”或“复制构造函数”或“运算符重载”或“析构函数”对应的C/C++源代码处。
VC调试时按Alt+8、Alt+7、Alt+6和Alt+5,打开汇编窗口、堆栈窗口、内存窗口和寄存器窗口看每句C对应的汇编、单步执行并观察相应堆栈、内存和寄存器变化，这样过一遍不就啥都明白了吗。
对VC来说，所谓‘调试时’就是编译连接通过以后，按F10或F11键单步执行一步以后的时候，或者在某行按F9设了断点后按F5执行停在该断点处的时候。
Undefined Meaning
In c++ STL, there is hash function, so don’t define a global variable named hash.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <functional>
int main()
{
std::string s = "Stand back! I've got jimmies!";
std::hash<std::string> hash_fn;
size_t hash = hash_fn(s);
std::cout << hash << '\n';
}string
When using getline, if undefined, using include “string”
Key Word
http://www.cnblogs.com/fanzhidongyzby/archive/2012/11/07/2759326.html
Marco
#if SVC_EXTENSION
#include <vector>
#define NV_VERSION "7.0 (HM-15.0)" ///< Current software version
#else
#define NV_VERSION "15.0" ///< Current software version
#endifOS Bits
#define NVM_BITS "[%d bit] ", (sizeof(void*) == 8 ? 64 : 32) ///< used for checking 64-bit O/SFile Operation
fstream bitstreamFile(m_pBitstreamFile, fstream::binary | fstream::out);
if (!bitstreamFile)
{
fprintf(stderr, "\nfailed to open bitstream file `%s' for writing\n", m_pBitstreamFile);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}#if EFFICIENT_FIELD_IRAP
Int IRAPGOPid = -1;
Bool IRAPtoReorder = false;
Bool swapIRAPForward = false;
if(isField)
{
Int pocCurr;
#if SVC_EXTENSION
for ( Int iGOPid=iPicIdInGOP; iGOPid < iPicIdInGOP+1; iGOPid++ )
#else
for ( Int iGOPid=0; iGOPid < m_iGopSize; iGOPid++ )
#endif http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/bichenggui/article/details/4600153
Transition between Char* and string
http://www.cnblogs.com/zhixing/archive/2013/06/04/3116814.html
Stack Usage
Read Blank Whole Sentence
Bracket Matching
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<string.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<stack>
#include<string>
#include<stdio.h>
using namespace std;
bool brackets(string s){
stack<char> st;
stack<char> tempStack;
int length;
length = s.length();
int j = 0;
char symbol;
char temp;
bool ab = true;
for (j = 0; j<length; j++){
symbol = s[j];
if (symbol == '{' || symbol == '[' || symbol == '('){
st.push(symbol);
}
if (symbol == '}' || symbol == ']' || symbol == ')'){
if (st.empty())
return false;
while (!st.empty())
{
temp = st.top();
st.pop();
if ((symbol == '}'&& temp == '{') || (symbol == ']'&& temp == '[') || (symbol == ')'&& temp == '('))
{
while (!tempStack.empty())
{
temp = tempStack.top();
tempStack.pop();
st.push(temp);
}
break;
}
else if (st.empty())
{
return false;
}
else
{
tempStack.push(temp);
}
}
}
}
if (!st.empty()) return false;
else
return true;
}
int main(){
int n;
cin >> n;
getchar();
for (int i = 0; i<n; i++){
char ch[1001];
gets(ch);
string s(ch);
cout << ch << endl;
//string ch;
//cin >> ch;
bool flag = brackets(s);
if (flag == true){
cout << "Yes" << endl;
}
if (flag == false){
cout << "No" << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}headfile macro
#ifndef _STDIO_H_
#define _STDIO_H_
......
#endifstdint
#ifndef __STDINT_H
#define __STDINT_H
/* 7.18.1.1 Exact-width integer types */
typedef __int8 int8_t;
typedef __int16 int16_t;
typedef __int32 int32_t;
typedef __int64 int64_t;
typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
/* 7.18.1.2 Minimum-width integer types */
typedef __int8 int_least8_t;
typedef __int16 int_least16_t;
typedef __int32 int_least32_t;
typedef __int64 int_least64_t;
typedef unsigned __int8 uint_least8_t;
typedef unsigned __int16 uint_least16_t;
typedef unsigned __int32 uint_least32_t;
typedef unsigned __int64 uint_least64_t;
/* 7.18.1.3 Fastest minimum-width integer types */
typedef __int8 int_fast8_t;
typedef __int16 int_fast16_t;
typedef __int32 int_fast32_t;
typedef __int64 int_fast64_t;
typedef unsigned __int8 uint_fast8_t;
typedef unsigned __int16 uint_fast16_t;
typedef unsigned __int32 uint_fast32_t;
typedef unsigned __int64 uint_fast64_t;
/* 7.18.1.4 Integer types capable of holding object pointers */
typedef int32_t intptr_t;
typedef uint32_t uintptr_t;
/* 7.18.1.5 Greatest-width integer types */
typedef int64_t intmax_t;
typedef uint64_t uintmax_t;
/* 7.18.2.1 Limits of exact-width integer types */
#define INT8_MIN ((int8_t) -128)
#define INT16_MIN ((int16_t) -32768)
#define INT32_MIN ((int32_t) -2147483648)
#define INT64_MIN ((int64_t) -9223372036854775808)
#define INT8_MAX ((int8_t) 127)
#define INT16_MAX ((int16_t) 32767)
#define INT32_MAX ((int32_t) 2147483647)
#define INT64_MAX ((int64_t) 9223372036854775807)
#define UINT8_MAX ((uint8_t) 255)
#define UINT16_MAX ((uint16_t) 65535)
#define UINT32_MAX ((uint32_t) 4294967295)
#define UINT64_MAX ((uint64_t) 18446744073709551615)
/* 7.18.2.2 Limits of minimum-width integer types */
#define INT_LEAST8_MIN ((int_least8_t) -128)
#define INT_LEAST16_MIN ((int_least16_t) -32768)
#define INT_LEAST32_MIN ((int_least32_t) -2147483648)
#define INT_LEAST64_MIN ((int_least64_t) -9223372036854775808)
#define INT_LEAST8_MAX ((int_least8_t) 127)
#define INT_LEAST16_MAX ((int_least16_t) 32767)
#define INT_LEAST32_MAX ((int_least32_t) 2147483647)
#define INT_LEAST64_MAX ((int_least64_t) 9223372036854775807)
#define UINT_LEAST8_MAX ((uint_least8_t) 255)
#define UINT_LEAST16_MAX ((uint_least16_t) 65535)
#define UINT_LEAST32_MAX ((uint_least32_t) 4294967295)
#define UINT_LEAST64_MAX ((uint_least64_t) 18446744073709551615)
/* 7.18.2.3 Limits of fastest minimum-width integer types */
#define INT_FAST8_MIN ((int_fast8_t) -128)
#define INT_FAST16_MIN ((int_fast16_t) -32768)
#define INT_FAST32_MIN ((int_fast32_t) -2147483648)
#define INT_FAST64_MIN ((int_fast64_t) -9223372036854775808)
#define INT_FAST8_MAX ((int_fast8_t) 127)
#define INT_FAST16_MAX ((int_fast16_t) 32767)
#define INT_FAST32_MAX ((int_fast32_t) 2147483647)
#define INT_FAST64_MAX ((int_fast64_t) 9223372036854775807)
#define UINT_FAST8_MAX ((uint_fast8_t) 255)
#define UINT_FAST16_MAX ((uint_fast16_t) 65535)
#define UINT_FAST32_MAX ((uint_fast32_t) 4294967295)
#define UINT_FAST64_MAX ((uint_fast64_t) 18446744073709551615)
/* 7.18.2.4 Limits of integer types capable of holding object pointers */
#define INTPTR_MIN ((intptr_t) -32768)
#define INTPTR_MAX ((intptr_t) 32767)
#define UINTPTR_MAX ((intptr_t) 65535)
/* 7.18.2.5 Limits of greatest-width integer types */
#define INTMAX_MIN ((intmax_t) -9223372036854775808)
#define INTMAX_MAX ((intmax_t) 9223372036854775807)
#define UINTMAX_MAX ((uintmax_t) 18446744073709551615)
/* 7.18.3 Limits of other integer types */
#define PTRDIFF_MIN ((int32_t) -65536)
#define PTRDIFF_MAX ((int32_t) 65535)
#ifdef __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
#define SIG_ATOMIC_MIN INT32_MIN
#define SIG_ATOMIC_MAX INT32_MAX
#endif
#define SIZE_MAX 65535
#ifdef __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS
#define WCHAR_MIN INT16_MIN
#define WCHAR_MAX INT16_MAX
#define WINT_MIN INT16_MIN
#define WINT_MAX INT16_MAX
#endif
/* 7.18.4.1 Macros for minimum-width integer constants */
#define INT8_C(x) ((int8_t) x)
#define INT16_C(x) ((int16_t) x)
#define INT32_C(x) ((int32_t) x)
#define INT64_C(x) ((int64_t) x)
#define UINT8_C(x) ((uint8_t) x)
#define UINT16_C(x) ((uint16_t) x)
#define UINT32_C(x) ((uint32_t) x)
#define UINT64_C(x) ((uint64_t) x)
/* 7.18.4.2 Macros for greatest-width integer constants */
#define INTMAX_C(x) ((intmax_t) x)
#define UINTMAX_C(x) ((uintmax_t) x)
#endif /* __STDINT_H */Hehe， too easy！
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