本文解析了Struts2框架中的拦截器（interceptor）机制，包括其实现原理及源码分析。阐述了如何利用拦截器实现代码模块化与重用，并详细分析了拦截器链的执行流程。
一：拦截器（interceptor）简介
拦截器（interceptor）是struts2中的最重要的核心之一，是Struts2最强大的特性之一。拦截器可以让你在Action和result被执行之前或之后进行一些处理。同时，拦截器也可以让你将通用的代码模块化并作为可重用的类。Struts2中的很多特性都是由拦截器来完成的。拦截是AOP的一种实现策略。在Webwork的中文文档的解释为：拦截器是动态拦截Action调用的对象。它提供了一种机制可以使开发者可以定义在一个action执行的前后执行的代码，也可以在一个action执行前阻止其执行。同时也是提供了一种可以提取action中可重用的部分的方式。谈到拦截器，还有一个词大家应该知道——拦截器链（Interceptor Chain，在Struts 2中称为拦截器栈Interceptor Stack）。拦截器链就是将拦截器按一定的顺序联结成一条链。在访问被拦截的方法或字段时，拦截器链中的拦截器就会按其之前定义的顺序被调用（这里借鉴引用他人总结）。
二：struts2实现原理（源码剖析）
struts2整个执行过程大致如下图所示：
下图是在debug跟踪的一个执行过程（由下往上执行顺序）：
通过上图可以看出，struts2请求处理的一个过程：
1、客户端发起request请求action请求到达StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter的doFilter方法：
/*
* $Id: DefaultActionSupport.java 651946 2008-04-27 13:41:38Z apetrelli $
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.filter;
import org.apache.struts2.StrutsStatics;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.ExecuteOperations;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.InitOperations;
import org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ng.PrepareOperations;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
/**
* Handles both the preparation and execution phases of the Struts dispatching process. This filter is better to use
* when you don't have another filter that needs access to action context information, such as Sitemesh.
*/
public class StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter implements StrutsStatics, Filter {
protected PrepareOperations prepare;
protected ExecuteOperations execute;
protected List<Pattern> excludedPatterns = null;
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
InitOperations init = new InitOperations();
Dispatcher dispatcher = null;
try {
FilterHostConfig config = new FilterHostConfig(filterConfig);
init.initLogging(config);
dispatcher = init.initDispatcher(config);
init.initStaticContentLoader(config, dispatcher);
prepare = new PrepareOperations(dispatcher);
execute = new ExecuteOperations(dispatcher);
this.excludedPatterns = init.buildExcludedPatternsList(dispatcher);
postInit(dispatcher, filterConfig);
} finally {
if (dispatcher != null) {
dispatcher.cleanUpAfterInit();
}
init.cleanup();
}
}
/**
* Callback for post initialization
*/
protected void postInit(Dispatcher dispatcher, FilterConfig filterConfig) {
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
try {
if (excludedPatterns != null && prepare.isUrlExcluded(request, excludedPatterns)) {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
} else {
prepare.setEncodingAndLocale(request, response);
prepare.createActionContext(request, response);
prepare.assignDispatcherToThread();
request = prepare.wrapRequest(request);
ActionMapping mapping = prepare.findActionMapping(request, response, true);
if (mapping == null) {
boolean handled = execute.executeStaticResourceRequest(request, response);
if (!handled) {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
} else {<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//这里实际调用了dispatcher.java的serviceAction方法</span>
execute.executeAction(request, response, mapping);
}
}
} finally {
prepare.cleanupRequest(request);
}
}
public void destroy() {
prepare.cleanupDispatcher();
}
}
2、通过execute.executeAction(request, response, mapping); 调用Dispatcher.java的serviceAction方法：
<pre name="code" class="java"> public void serviceAction(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, ActionMapping mapping)
throws ServletException {
Map<String, Object> extraContext = createContextMap(request, response, mapping);
// If there was a previous value stack, then create a new copy and pass it in to be used by the new Action
ValueStack stack = (ValueStack) request.getAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY);
boolean nullStack = stack == null;
if (nullStack) {
ActionContext ctx = ActionContext.getContext();
if (ctx != null) {
stack = ctx.getValueStack();
}
}
if (stack != null) {
extraContext.put(ActionContext.VALUE_STACK, valueStackFactory.createValueStack(stack));
}
String timerKey = "Handling request from Dispatcher";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(timerKey);
String namespace = mapping.getNamespace();
String name = mapping.getName();
String method = mapping.getMethod();
<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//通过动态代理，创建出一个ActionProxy对象</span>
ActionProxy proxy = getContainer().getInstance(ActionProxyFactory.class).createActionProxy(
namespace, name, method, extraContext, true, false);
request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, proxy.getInvocation().getStack());
// if the ActionMapping says to go straight to a result, do it!
if (mapping.getResult() != null) {
Result result = mapping.getResult();
result.execute(proxy.getInvocation());
} else {
<span style="color:#ff6600;"> //调用execute方法</span>
proxy.execute();
}
// If there was a previous value stack then set it back onto the request
if (!nullStack) {
request.setAttribute(ServletActionContext.STRUTS_VALUESTACK_KEY, stack);
}
} catch (ConfigurationException e) {
logConfigurationException(request, e);
sendError(request, response, HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND, e);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (handleException || devMode) {
sendError(request, response, HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e);
} else {
throw new ServletException(e);
}
} finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(timerKey);
}
}
3、通过动态代理，创建一个ActionProxy的对象，然后调用ActionProxy对象的execute方法：
<pre name="code" class="java" style="line-height: 26px;">ActionProxy对象是创建action的关键对象<pre name="code" class="java">public String execute() throws Exception {
ActionContext nestedContext = ActionContext.getContext(); ActionContext.setContext(invocation.getInvocationContext());
String retCode = null;
String profileKey = "execute: ";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);
<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//调用了ActionInvocation的invoke方法</span>
retCode = invocation.invoke();
} finally {
if (cleanupContext) {
ActionContext.setContext(nestedContext);
}
UtilTimerStack.pop(profileKey);
}
return retCode;
}4、通过ActionProxy的execute方法调用了ActionInvocation的invoke方法，这是实现拦截器的核心，ActionInvocation是Action调度者：
<pre name="code" class="java"> public String invoke() throws Exception {
String profileKey = "invoke: ";
try {
UtilTimerStack.push(profileKey);
if (executed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Action has already executed");
}
if (interceptors.hasNext()) {
final InterceptorMapping interceptor = interceptors.next();
String interceptorMsg = "interceptor: " + interceptor.getName();
UtilTimerStack.push(interceptorMsg);
try {<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>//调用interceptor的intercept方法
resultCode = interceptor.getInterceptor().intercept(DefaultActionInvocation.this);
}
finally {
UtilTimerStack.pop(interceptorMsg);
}
} else {<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>//执行完默认的intercept方法后调用我们的action
resultCode = invokeActionOnly();
}
拦截器部分的执行调用：resultCode = interceptor.getInterceptor().intercept(DefaultActionInvocation.this);
在这个实现类中，实际上已经实现了最简单的拦截器的雏形。这里需要指出的是一个很重要的方法invocation.invoke()。这是ActionInvocation中的方法，而ActionInvocation是Action调度者，所以这个方法具备以下2层含义：
1. 如果拦截器堆栈中还有其他的Interceptor，那么invocation.invoke()将调用堆栈中下一个Interceptor的执行。
2. 如果拦截器堆栈中只有Action了，那么invocation.invoke()将调用Action执行。
所以，我们可以发现，invocation.invoke()这个方法其实是整个拦截器框架的实现核心。基于这样的实现机制，我们还可以得到下面2个非常重要的推论：
1. 如果在拦截器中，我们不使用invocation.invoke()来完成堆栈中下一个元素的调用，而是直接返回一个字符串作为执行结果，那么整个执行将被中止。
2. 我们可以以invocation.invoke()为界，将拦截器中的代码分成2个部分，在invocation.invoke()之前的代码，将会在Action之前被依次执行，而在invocation.invoke()之后的代码，将会在Action之后被逆序执行。
由此，我们就可以通过invocation.invoke()作为Action代码真正的拦截点，从而实现AOP。
5、通过遍历/struts-default.xml中一系列的intercept参数，调用interceptor的intercept方法：
<pre name="code" class="java"> public String intercept(ActionInvocation invocation) throws Exception {
String result;
try {<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="color:#ff6600;">//这里又调用ActionInvocation的invoke方法</span>
result = invocation.invoke();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (isLogEnabled()) {
handleLogging(e);
}
List<ExceptionMappingConfig> exceptionMappings = invocation.getProxy().getConfig().getExceptionMappings();
ExceptionMappingConfig mappingConfig = this.findMappingFromExceptions(exceptionMappings, e);
if (mappingConfig != null && mappingConfig.getResult()!=null) {
Map parameterMap = mappingConfig.getParams();
// create a mutable HashMap since some interceptors will remove parameters, and parameterMap is immutable
invocation.getInvocationContext().setParameters(new HashMap<String, Object>(parameterMap));
result = mappingConfig.getResult();
publishException(invocation, new ExceptionHolder(e));
} else {
throw e;
}
}
return result;
}
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