0708+0709

http://www.wwenglish.com/en/voa/spec/2010/07/2010070637698.htm

DOUG JOHNSON: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, in VOA Special English.  I'm Doug Johnson.

FAITH LAPIDUS: And I'm Faith Lapidus.  Today, we will tell about skin cancer.

(MUSIC)

DOUG JOHNSON: Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer.  It is also the most deadly.  America's National Cancer Institute reports that more than one million people in the United States developed skin cancer last year.  Skin cancer is one of the easiest cancers to cure if found and treated early.  When left untreated, however, it can lead to changes in a person's physical appearance and even death.

道格.乔生：“皮肤癌是最常见的癌症之一。有很大一部分会导致死亡。美国国家癌症研究机构报道表明在去年将近有100万的美国人的了皮肤癌。皮肤癌假若在早期的时候被发现并及时治疗是很容易被治愈的。然而没有及时治疗，皮肤癌将会引起人类体质病变甚至导致死亡。”

Skin cancer can affect anyone at any age.  Former Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush all received treatment for skin cancer or pre-cancerous lesions.  Doctors also treated Elizabeth Taylor, Cybill Shepherd and Melanie Griffith for skin cancer or early signs of it.  All three performers survived.

任何人在任何年纪都可能的皮肤癌。前总统罗纳德、比尔、乔治都接受过癌症和癌前期组织损坏的治疗。医生们同样也替伊丽莎白.泰勒、斯碧尔·谢波德和梅勒尼·格利菲恩治疗过皮肤癌或者早期癌症。上述三种形式的癌症都能被治疗好。

Not everyone is so lucky.  Musician Bob Marley died in nineteen eighty-one after melanoma spread in his body. Melanoma is the most severe form of skin cancer. Melanoma：黑色素瘤

FAITH LAPIDUS: The main cause of skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation from the sun.  Light and heat from the sun can change chemicals in the skin.  Ultraviolet, also called U-V, rays cause the skin to burn.  Over time, cancer could develop.

ultraviolet (光)紫外的，紫外线的，利用紫外线的 It's called ultraviolet rays.它被叫做紫外线。

并不是每个人都是幸运的，音乐家鲍勃.马勒在黑色素瘤疯狂的在他身体内扩散后死于1981年。黑色素瘤是皮肤癌中最顽固的病种。

菲斯.拉皮德斯：“来自阳光中的超紫外线是引起皮肤癌的最主要因素，来自太阳的光和热会改变皮肤的机体组织。超紫外线——也可以叫做U-V、镭射让皮肤灼热。久而久之，癌症也就出现了。”

Anyone can get skin cancer.  People with light-colored skin, hair or eyes are at greatest risk.  A history of sunburn early in life also increases the risk.  So does a family history of skin cancer.

任何一个人都可以的皮肤癌，浅色的皮肤、发质、眼球都存在很大的危险。在早期生活中有被太阳灼伤史的也拥有皮肤癌高发率。家族病史中有人获得皮肤癌的也更容易获得皮肤癌。

Tanning beds can also produce high levels of U-V radiation.  Many Americans think they look better when their skin is brown in color.  They spend time in tanning beds in hopes to making their skin darker.

日光浴也会产生高强度的紫外线。许多美国人认为他们的皮肤变成棕色比较好看。他们花费大量的时间在日光浴上来使自己的皮肤变黑。

DOUG JOHNSON: The two most common forms of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell cancers.  They can develop as flat, discolored areas of skin or as raised growths, often with a rough surface.

道格.乔生：“最普遍的皮肤癌是如基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌。他们可能在平面或者突起式生长在变色的皮肤部分，通常是有一个很粗糙表面。”

(3)皮膚癌(Skin cancer)如基底細胞癌(basal cell cancer)、鱗狀細胞癌(Squamous cell

carcinoma)及波紋氏病(Bowen’s disease)等，對於一些多發性病灶也用光凝療法治療。

Melanoma is far more dangerous.  Melanomas can appear even in areas of skin that do not get a lot of sun.  Malignant melanoma begins in body cells that produce a brown color.  It usually first grows in a mole, a small dark area of skin.  Melanoma often looks like a dark area with an unusual shape.  It can be flat or raised.  Other warning signs are a change in skin color and uneven borders around a mole.

黑色素瘤的危害性远远大于其他症状，得了黑色素瘤的皮肤不能接触太多的阳光。恶性的黑色素瘤通常是从人体细胞内呈棕色生长起来的。它通常最先在痣上开始生长（皮肤一块很小的黑色区域）。黑色素瘤看上去和平常的痣很不一样，他可以是平面的也可以是凸期的。其他的症状就是皮肤颜色的改变以及一颗痣拥有不平整的边缘。

Malignan形容词 adj.
1.恶毒的, 极想伤害他人的
Alexander got a malignant slander.亚历山大受到恶意的诽谤。2.(疾病)恶性的; 极危险的; 命的
He was died of a malignant tumour.他死于恶性肿瘤。t

The majority of people with melanoma are white men over the age of fifty.  Without early treatment, this kind of cancer can spread quickly.  Each year, more than sixty-eight thousand people in the United States learn they have melanoma.  The National Cancer Institute estimates that eight thousand six hundred fifty Americans died because of melanoma last year.

得了黑色素瘤的大部分患者是年龄超过50岁的白种人。在早期的时候不及时治疗，这类癌症将会很快的扩散。每一年，会有六万八千多美国人获知自己得了黑色素瘤。中央癌症研究所统计去年有八千六百零五名美国患者因为黑色素瘤而死亡。

(MUSIC)

FAITH LAPIDUS:  The sooner skin cancer is found, the easier it is to treat.  That is why doctors advise people to perform monthly exams of all areas of skin, from the top of the head to the bottom of the feet.

菲斯.拉皮德斯：“越快发现皮肤癌越容易治疗它。这就是为什么医生们建议人们每月定期检查全身的皮肤。”

It is important to know early warning signs so that cancerous growths are found before they spread.  The signs include a skin growth that changes in size, color, thickness or texture.  Exams with a trained medical worker are also important.  See a doctor if a mole bleeds, is bigger than six millimeters or you feel like rubbing it.  If one or more of the warning signs are present, a doctor should examine you immediately.

在皮肤癌扩散前了解皮肤癌的发病症状显得尤为重要，症状包括一部分皮肤在大小、颜色、厚度和质感发生了变化。让一位有经验的医生检查也很重要。假如你身上一个痣开始流血，大于六毫米或者感觉很不舒适。若是一个或者多个症状已经发生了，那你必须马上进行检查。

texture:质感，手感

Knowing what your skin looks like will help you recognize any changes.  Some experts suggest taking pictures of moles and dating the images to compare over time.

了解皮肤的日常表象将会帮助我们发现任何有关皮肤的变化。一些专家建议定期拍摄黑痣并标注上日期进行比较。

DOUG JOHNSON: Treatment of skin cancer depends on the kind, size, position on the body and depth of the growth, or tumor.  Other considerations are the patient's age and general health.  An operation to remove the cancerous cells can cure melanoma if the cancer has not spread.

道格.乔生：“治疗皮肤癌的方法取决于癌或肿瘤的种类、大小、在身体的状态以及生长的深度。其他需要考虑的是患者的年龄和整体健康程度。在癌没有扩散的情况下，动用手术将癌化细胞移除是可以治疗好黑色素瘤的。”

Doctors use drugs to treat melanoma when it has already spread.  They also may use radiation to kill cancer cells and reduce the size of cancerous growths.  In addition, doctors now use treatments like gene therapy（疗法） or remove affected fingers or toes.  They also may use immunotherapy（免疫疗法） -- getting the body's immune system to fight the cancer.

当黑色素瘤已经扩散的时候医生将会使用药物去治疗黑色素瘤。他们可能会试用射线去杀死癌细胞和减缓细胞癌化的速度。此外，医生们现在还实用想基因疗法这类疗法或者割除一倍感染的手指或后脚跟。他们也可能试用免疫疗法——使用患者自身的免疫系统去和癌症抵抗。

Last month, researchers reported that an experimental drug improved survival in a study of melanoma patients.  The drug, ipilimumab, worked by helping the body's natural defenses to fight cancer.  Patients getting the drug lived on average for ten months compared to six months for those not getting it.  Drug-maker Bristol-Myers Squibb hopes to get permission to sell ipilimumab by the end of the year.上个月，研究者爆出一种实验性的实验药物在治疗以为黑色素瘤患者上取得了很大的进展。这个药——IPPLIMUMAB,通过人类自身的抵抗能力和癌症做斗争。病人在服用了这个药后和未服药的六个月相比平均会有十个月的存活期。药物发明者布里斯顿.梅耶尔斯.斯奎波博希望在今年年底这个药就可以得以国家通过。

(MUSIC)

FAITH LAPIDUS:  America's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says protection from the sun is important all year long, not just during the summer.  It says ultraviolet radiation from the sun can reach you on cloudy days, as well as bright and sunny ones.  During the summer, the most dangerous period for U-V rays in the United States mainland is between the hours of ten in the morning and four in the afternoon.

菲斯.拉皮德斯:“美国疾病控制和防御中心发言保护自己不要被太阳灼伤是一年四季的事情，而不仅仅是在夏季。他们还说在艳阳天、晴天还是在阴天，太阳都能否发射超紫外线到你的皮肤上。在夏季，美国最强紫外线的时间是从早晨十点到下午的四点。”

C.D.C. officials say U-V rays can damage your skin in as little as fifteen minutes.  Sunglasses, hats and clothing offer some protection.  Experts say the denser the material, the less radiation reaches the skin.  Also, darker colors may offer more protection, and natural cotton blocks more than bleached, or whitened cotton.  When clothing is wet or stretched, however, it lets more U-V rays pass through.

cd.c官员发言说：“超强紫外线只要五十分钟就可以让你的皮肤受到伤害。太阳镜、帽子以及衣服可以提供保护。”专家们还指出越深的颜色能够使得到达皮肤的紫外线越弱。当然，深色也可能提供更多的保护——自然的羊毛块比漂白后或者白色的羊毛更能保护皮肤。当衣裳湿漉漉的或者被拉长的时候，无疑让更多的紫外线通过衣裳。

Choose to wear U-V ray-blocking sunglasses and sunscreen products.  C.D.C. officials say people should put on sunscreen before they leave home, even on cloudy or cool days.  Put a thick amount of sunscreen on all areas of skin exposed to the sun.  Babies older than six months can wear sunscreen.  Newborn babies should be kept out of the sun.

选择使用能阻挡紫外线的太阳镜和防晒用品。C.d.c官员发言说人们都应该在离开家的时候做好防晒工作，即使是在阴天或是寒冷的天气。在皮肤上涂抹上一定厚度的防晒用品来阻挡紫外线，大余6个月的孩子也可以涂抹防晒用品。新出生的婴儿应该让他们远离太阳的直射。

DOUG JOHNSON: Doctors also suggest avoiding tanning salons and U-V tanning beds to prevent skin cancer. Each year, nearly thirty million people use indoor tanning beds in the United States.  More than two million of them are young adults, between thirteen and eighteen years old.  The Skin Cancer Foundation says use of tanning beds in youth increases a person's risk of developing melanoma by seventy-five percent.

道格.乔生：“为防治皮肤癌，医生还建议人们尽量少参加日光浴沙龙和日光浴。每一年有将近3亿美国人在室内享受日光浴。有超过200万是13岁到18岁的年轻人。”皮肤组织机构发言说在年轻的时候就开始日光浴这会增加获得黑色素瘤的几率，这几率高达75%

Still, a study earlier this year found that most Americans think having darker skin is appealing and gives a healthy look.  More than seven thousand American men and women took part in the study.  Eighty percent of those questioned said they were concerned about skin cancer and believed it was important to protect themselves.  At the same time, seventy-two percent believed people look better when their skin is tanned.  And, about sixty percent mistakenly thought the sun was generally good for one’s health.

直到现在，今年一篇有7000位美国男性和女性参与的研究表明大多数的美国人认为拥有深颜色的皮肤是一种健康的表现。有80%的人表示很关心皮肤癌的发生并认为最重要的是自己拥有保护意识。同时，72%认为在经过日光浴后人的皮肤看上去更美。还有，将近60%的人报着阳光对人的健康有好处的错误思想。

FAITH LAPIDUS: Another study involved more than four hundred college women who used tanning beds.  The women were more likely to reduce their tanning for fear of looking older and developing wrinkled skin than fear of getting skin cancer.  The women read information warning about skin cancer and the dangers of wrinkles.  Later, the women recorded their tanning activity and feelings.  Based on the results, researchers advised doctors and parents to warn young women about the risk of wrinkles as a more effective way to prevent tanning bed use.

菲斯.拉皮多斯：“另一项是关于曾经参加过日光浴的400名大学女生的研究。女孩们在阅读了阳光会对皮肤可能引起皮肤癌和皱纹的信息后，记录下他们进行日光浴的过程和感受得出相对于日光浴可能获得皮肤癌而言日光浴会让他们的加速皮肤老化使自己看上去更老更让他们觉得害怕。通过这些结果，研究学者建议医生和父母告知年轻的女性日光浴会让他们增加皱纹，是让他们不要去日光浴行之有效的方法。”

DOUG JOHNSON: Another report suggests that driving a vehicle on its left side increases the risk of developing skin cancer on the left side of the body.  Scott Fosko is chairman of dermatology 1.皮肤病(学) at Saint Louis University Medical School.  He recently led a study of nearly nine hundred skin cancer patients.  He found that more than half had skin cancer on the left side of their face or body.  The percentage of men with skin cancer on their left side was even higher.

道格.乔生：“另一项研究结果表明在交通工具的左部驾驶增加了身体左部获得皮肤癌的几率。斯柯达.福斯柯是圣路易斯医科大学皮肤病主席。他最近作了一项关于900名皮肤癌病人的研究。他发现超过一半的人在他们的身体左侧得了皮肤癌。男性身体左侧获得皮肤癌的几率更高。”

Doctor Fosko says this could have resulted from differences between the men and women.  So, can driving with the windows up save your skin?  Experts at the American Academy of Dermatology say no.  They say modern automobile windshields block two kinds of ultraviolet radiation.  But side windows generally block only one kind from reaching the driver or passengers.  Mister Fosko suggests darkening windows or using sunscreen and protective clothing while driving.

福斯克博士说男性和女性得出的结果会有所不同。会有人说，是否可以把窗户摇起来保护你的皮肤？美国医药组织专家的结果是不可能。他们说现代汽车的挡风玻璃可以阻挡两种超强紫外线。但是侧面的玻璃纸可以保护司机或者乘客。福克斯先生建议当在行使时，在车上安装暗色窗户或使用防晒用品和可以保护皮肤的衣裳。

FAITH LAPIDUS: So can you still enjoy sunny days without getting skin cancer?  The answer is yes.  However, you first must take the steps necessary to protect yourself and your family from the dangers of the sun.

菲斯.拉皮多斯：“那么你是否还能够在艳阳天里享受阳光又不怕得到皮肤癌？答案是可以。然而，你必须做好所有防范措施使得你的家人和你自己远离阳光带来的伤害。”