!!!Data Padding

数据结构对齐详解

最新推荐文章于 2022-12-14 18:49:38 发布

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本文详细介绍了数据结构中成员变量的内存对齐原则及其影响。包括不同数据类型默认的对齐方式，以及编译器如何通过填充来确保成员变量正确对齐。文中还对比了32位与64位系统下数据类型的对齐差异。

Data Padding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure_alignment

Data structure members are stored sequentially in memory so that, in the structure below,the member Data1 will always precede Data2; and Data2 will always precede Data3

struct MyData
{
    short Data1;
    short Data2;
    short Data3;
};

If the type "short" is stored in two bytes of memory then each member of the data structure depicted above would be 2-byte aligned. Data1 would be at offset 0, Data2 at offset 2 and Data3 at offset 4. The size of this structure would be 6 bytes.

The type of each member of the structure usually has a default alignment, meaning that it will, unless otherwise requested by the programmer, be aligned on a pre-determined boundary. The following typical alignments are valid for compilers from Microsoft (Visual C++), Borland/CodeGear (C++Builder), Digital Mars (DMC) and GNU (GCC) when compiling for 32-bit x86:

A char (one byte) will be 1-byte aligned.
A short (two bytes) will be 2-byte aligned.
An int (four bytes) will be 4-byte aligned.
A long (four bytes) will be 4-byte aligned.
A float (four bytes) will be 4-byte aligned.
A double (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned on Windows and 4-byte aligned on Linux (8-byte with-malign-double compile time option).
A long long (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned.
A long double (ten bytes with C++Builder and DMC, eight bytes with Visual C++, twelve bytes with GCC) will be 8-byte aligned with C++Builder, 2-byte aligned with DMC, 8-byte aligned with Visual C++ and 4-byte aligned with GCC.
Any pointer (four bytes) will be 4-byte aligned. (e.g.: char*, int*)

The only notable difference in alignment for a 64-bit system when compared to a 32-bit system is:

A long (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned.
A double (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned.
A long double (eight bytes with Visual C++, sixteen bytes with GCC) will be 8-byte aligned with Visual C++ and 16-byte aligned with GCC.
Any pointer (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned.

Some data types are dependent on the implementation.

Here is a structure with members of various types, totaling 8 bytes before compilation:

struct MixedData
{
    char Data1;
    short Data2;
    int Data3;
    char Data4;
};

After compilation the data structure will be supplemented with padding bytes to ensure a proper alignment for each of its members:

struct MixedData  /* After compilation in 32-bit x86 machine */
{
    char Data1; /* 1 byte */
    char Padding1[1]; /* 1 byte for the following 'short' to be aligned on a 2 byte boundary 
assuming that the address where structure begins is an even number */
    short Data2; /* 2 bytes */
    int Data3;  /* 4 bytes - largest structure member */
    char Data4; /* 1 byte */
    char Padding2[3]; /* 3 bytes to make total size of the structure 12 bytes */
};