ubuntu apt-get 下载软件ERROR的问题

背景:
1. 错误信息: E: Unable to locate package
2. linux 使用 apt-get 管理 各种软件 ,其使用 /etc/apt/sources.list 作为软件源,当某些源 不可用的时候 就会出现 apt-get install ERROR的 问题。
3. 所以 源 不可用的时候, 就要更新 sources.list 文件。

操作步骤:

一、备份原sources.list文件 (good habit)

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list   /etc/apt/sources.list.bakup

二、网上找一些可用的 源, 替换该文件,见 附录一

三、更新启用新的源

sudo apt-get update

附录一:

测试可用的:

deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted

deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted

deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe

deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse

deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse

deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main

网上的未测试的源:

网易 Ubuntu 11.10 源(速度很快)

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates universe main multiverse restricted

骨头源,骨头源是bones7456架设的一个Ubuntu源 ,提供ubuntu,deepin

deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main universe restricted multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src http://ubuntu.srt.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates universe main multiverse restricted

mirror.lupaworld.com的源,速度很快

deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ oneiric-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-cn/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse

这里你也可以直接使用更快速的ubuntu.cn99.com的源(推荐):

deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu-cn/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse

//教育网源
如果大家是在校大学生,可以使用校园网/教育网,就是用教育网的资源吧,中科大,兰大、厦门大学都有很多资源,尤其是支持ipv6的,那更新速度就按兆算了。
中科大:http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/
厦门大学:http://mirrors.xmu.edu.cn/howto/
大家可以自己根据自己的版本设置一下,不一定局限于ubuntu 11.10,下面列出一些校内更新源。

电子科技大学

deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse

中国科技大学

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main restricted universe multiverse

北京理工大学

deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main multiverse restricted universe

兰州大学

deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe

上海交通大学

deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ oneiric-updates main multiverse restricted universe

### Ubuntu 中使用 `apt-get` 更新系统的正确方法 在 Ubuntu 系统中,`apt-get` 是一种强大的包管理工具,用于安装、升级和删除软件包。以下是关于如何正确使用 `apt-get` 进行系统更新以及一些常见的问题解决方案。 #### 正确使用 `apt-get` 的流程 1. **编辑源列表** 打开 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 文件并添加或修改所需的镜像源地址。例如,可以将默认的源替换为清华大学开源镜像站或其他可靠的国内镜像站点[^3]。 ```bash sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list ``` 2. **更新本地索引** 在更改了源之后,运行以下命令来同步最新的软件包信息至本地缓存: ```bash sudo apt-get update ``` 3. **执行系统升级** 升级已安装的软件包到最新版本可以通过下面这条指令完成: ```bash sudo apt-get upgrade ``` 如果希望同时处理依赖关系并自动移除不再需要的老化库,则应改用 dist-upgrade 命令代替 simple upgrade: ```bash sudo apt-get dist-upgrade ``` 4. **清理旧版数据 (可选)** 清理掉下载后未使用的 .deb 软件包文件以释放磁盘空间: ```bash sudo apt-get autoremove && sudo apt-get clean ``` #### 解决常见问题 - **无法找到某些特定软件包** 当尝试通过 `apt-get install <package>` 安装某个程序失败时,可能是因为当前设置中的仓库不包含该软件包或者其名称拼写有误。此时需确认 sources.list 是否包含了正确的组件(main, universe, restricted 和 multiverse),并且再次调用 `update` 刷新数据库[^1]^。 - **网络连接超时错误** 若遇到因网速慢而导致的操作中断情况,考虑切换成速度更快的镜像服务器比如阿里云提供的服务[^4]^。具体操作就是按照前述方式重新指定新的 URL 地址作为资源入口点。 - **E: Sub-process returned an error code 错误消息** 可能由于先前存在的损坏安装引起冲突所致;先试着修复破损状态再继续其他动作之前最好先解决问题根源所在之处: ```bash sudo dpkg --configure -a sudo apt-get -f install ``` --- ### 示例脚本:一键优化 APT 设置与更新过程 为了简化上述多步手动干预环节,这里提供一段简单的 bash shell script 来实现自动化部署工作流: ```bash #!/bin/bash # Backup original source list before modification. cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak echo "Updating to use TUNA mirror..." cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list >/dev/null deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse ... EOF sudo apt-get update && \ (sudo apt-get full-upgrade || echo 'Full Upgrade Failed') && \ sudo apt-get autoclean && \ sudo apt-get autoremove ``` 此脚本会备份原始配置以防万一出现问题便于恢复,并且替换成清华 TUNA 镜像链接,最后依次完成整个更新周期内的各项任务。
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