iproute是Linux下一个网络管理工具包合集，用于取代先前的如ifconfig，route，ifup，ifdown，netstat等历史网络管理工具。该工具包功能强大，它通过网络链路套接字接口与内核进行联系。iproute的用户界面比net-tools的用户界面要更直观。对网络资源比如链路、IP地址、路由和隧道等用“对象”抽象进行了恰当的定义，因此可以使用一致的语法来管理不同的对象。本文主要描述使用该工具包的ip命令来配置Linux网络。
一、iproute工具包集
查看iproute工具包集
# more /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) ###查看当前环境下已经安装的iproute包 # rpm -qa|grep iproute iproute-3.10.0-54.el7.x86_64 ###查看iproute包生成的文件 # rpm -ql iproute ###查看iproute包配置文件 # rpm -qc iproute ###查看iproute包生成的二进制文件 # rpm -ql iproute|grep "bin" /usr/sbin/arpd /usr/sbin/bridge /usr/sbin/cbq /usr/sbin/ctstat /usr/sbin/genl /usr/sbin/ifcfg /usr/sbin/ifstat /usr/sbin/ip /usr/sbin/lnstat /usr/sbin/nstat /usr/sbin/routef /usr/sbin/routel /usr/sbin/rtacct /usr/sbin/rtmon /usr/sbin/rtpr /usr/sbin/rtstat /usr/sbin/ss /usr/sbin/tc
#apt-get install bison flex
#tar -xzf iproute2-3.17.0.tar.gz
#cd iproute2-3.17.0
#sed -i '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
#./configure
#make SBINDIR=/sbin
#make SBINDIR=/sbin install
iproute与net-tools命令比对图
二、ip命令帮助及模块功能
获取ip命令帮助
# ip help
Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
ip [ -force ] -batch filename
where OBJECT := { link | addr | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
tunnel | tuntap | maddr | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
netns | l2tp | tcp_metrics | token }
OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
-h[uman-readable] | -iec |
-f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | bridge | link } |
-4 | -6 | -I | -D | -B | -0 |
-l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } |
-o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -b[atch] [filename] |
-rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -a[ll] }
###如果要获取某个子模块的帮助，如获取ip addr的具体用法，则
# ip addr help
Usage: ip addr {add|change|replace} IFADDR dev STRING [ LIFETIME ]
[ CONFFLAG-LIST ]
ip addr del IFADDR dev STRING [mngtmpaddr]
ip addr {show|save|flush} [ dev STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]
[ to PREFIX ] [ FLAG-LIST ] [ label PATTERN ] [up]
ip addr {showdump|restore}
IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
[ broadcast ADDR ] [ anycast ADDR ]
[ label STRING ] [ scope SCOPE-ID ]
SCOPE-ID := [ host | link | global | NUMBER ]
FLAG-LIST := [ FLAG-LIST ] FLAG
FLAG := [ permanent | dynamic | secondary | primary |
tentative | deprecated | dadfailed | temporary |
CONFFLAG-LIST ]
CONFFLAG-LIST := [ CONFFLAG-LIST ] CONFFLAG
CONFFLAG := [ home | nodad | mngtmpaddr | noprefixroute ]
LIFETIME := [ valid_lft LFT ] [ preferred_lft LFT ]
LFT := forever | SECONDS
# man ip //获取详细帮助
iproute各子模块功能
ip link
网络设备配置命令，如可以启用/禁用某个网络设备，改变mtu及mac地址等
ip addr
用于管理某个网络设备与协议(ip或ipv6)有关的地址。
与ip link类似，不过增加了协议有关的管理(ip地址管理)
ip addrlabel
ipv6的地址标签，主要用于RFC3484中描述的ipv6地址的选择。
RFC3484主要介绍了2个算法，用于ipv6地址(源地址和目标地址)的选择策略
ip route
管理路由，如添加，删除
ip rule
管理路由策略数据库。这里边有一个算法，用来控制路由的选择策略
ip neigh
用于neighbor/ARP表的管理，如显示，插入，删除等
ip tunel
隧道配置
隧道的作用是将数据(可以是不同协议)封装成ip包然后再互联网传输
ip maddr
多播地址管理
ip mroute
多播路由管理
ip monitor
状态监控。如可以持续监控ip地址和路由的状态
ip xfrm
设置xfrm。xfrm是一个ip框架，可以转换数据包的格式，如用某个算法对数据包加密
三、频繁使用的几个子模块常用方法
子模块用法
ip link
ip link show 查看默认网络连接信息，不包括ip地址
ip link set 接口 [up|down] [multicast on|off]：
ip addr
可以在一个接口配置多个地址而不使用接口别名：显示这些地址
ip addr show
ip addr add dev 接口 ip地址/掩码 [ ladel 别名 ]
ip addr add dev 接口 ip地址 [ ladel 别名 ]
ip addr flush 接口 [to 网络地址]
ip route
ip route add 目标 via 下一跳 src 源地址 [dev 设备]
ip route del 目标
ip route list
启用/禁用接口：
ip link set 接口 up|down
ifconfig 接口 up|down
ifdown 接口，ifup 接口
重置网络连接
TUI或GUI
CentOS 6
system-config-network-tui
配置结束后将保存配置文件中
setup --> Network Configuration
CentOS 7
nmtui
四、使用示例
查看当前主机网络连接信息
# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
查看当前主机指定网络连接信息
# ip link show eno16777728
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
多播的启用与关闭
# ip link set eno16777728 multicast off
# ip link show eno16777728 //如下，没有出项MULTICAST
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
# ip link set eno16777728 multicast on
网卡的启用与关闭
# ip link set eno33554960 down
# ip link set eno33554960 up
显示主机ip地址信息
# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.24.8.131/24 brd 172.24.8.255 scope global dynamic eno16777728
valid_lft 1196sec preferred_lft 1196sec ### Author : Leshami
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe57:269d/64 scope link ### Blog : http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/leshami
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever ### QQ/Weixin : 645746311
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.81.144/24 brd 192.168.81.255 scope global dynamic eno33554960
valid_lft 1380sec preferred_lft 1380sec
为指定网卡删除ip地址
# ip addr del dev eno33554960 192.168.81.144/24
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
为指定网卡添加ip地址
# ip addr add dev eno33554960 192.168.81.189/24
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.81.189/24 scope global eno33554960
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
为指定网卡添加多ip地址
# ip addr add dev eno33554960 192.168.81.150/24
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.81.189/24 scope global eno33554960
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.81.150/24 scope global secondary eno33554960
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
为指定网卡添加多ip及使用别名
# ip addr add dev eno33554960 192.168.81.199/24 label eno33554960:0
# ip addr show label eno33554960:0
inet 192.168.81.199/24 scope global secondary eno33554960:0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ifconfig|grep eno33554960:0 -A2
eno33554960:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.81.199 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 0.0.0.0
ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
释放特定网卡ip地址
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.81.144/24 scope global dynamic eno33554960
valid_lft 1364sec preferred_lft 1364sec
inet 192.168.81.199/24 scope global secondary eno33554960:0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip addr flush eno33554960 //如果不指定特定网卡，则表示当前主机所有网卡ip地址被释放
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
使用ip route添加网络路由
###当前本机IP地址为172.24.8.131
###假定要到达目标地址为:192.168.10.0/24，下一跳为 172.24.8.2 则添加路由命令如下
# route -n //首先查看当前的路由
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.81.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eno33554960
172.24.8.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno16777728
192.168.81.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 eno33554960
# ip route list //首先查看当前的路由
default via 192.168.81.2 dev eno33554960 proto static metric 100
172.24.8.0/24 dev eno16777728 proto kernel scope link src 172.24.8.131 metric 100
192.168.81.0/24 dev eno33554960 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.81.144 metric 100
# ip route add 192.168.10.0/24 via 172.24.8.2 dev eno16777728
# ip route list |grep 192.168.10
192.168.10.0/24 via 172.24.8.2 dev eno16777728
使用ip route添加主机路由
###假定要到达目标地址为：192.168.20.1，下一跳为: 172.24.8.254
# ip route add 192.168.20.1 via 172.24.8.254
# ip route list |grep 192.168.20.1
192.168.20.1 via 172.24.8.254 dev eno16777728
删除之前添加的网络路由和主机路由
# ip route del 192.168.10.0/24 ###对于网络路由应指定掩码
# ip route del 192.168.20.1
# ip route list
default via 192.168.81.2 dev eno33554960 proto static metric 100
172.24.8.0/24 dev eno16777728 proto kernel scope link src 172.24.8.131 metric 100
192.168.81.0/24 dev eno33554960 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.81.144 metric 100
删除缺省网关
# ip route del default
# ip route list|grep default
添加缺省网关
# ip route add default via 172.24.8.2 dev eno16777728
# ip route list|grep default
default via 172.24.8.2 dev eno16777728
配置特定网卡指定IP路由
# ip addr add dev eno33554960 172.27.8.150/24 ###为eno33554960添加一个新ip
# ip addr show eno33554960
3: eno33554960: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:57:26:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.81.144/24 scope global dynamic eno33554960
valid_lft 1246sec preferred_lft 1246sec
inet 172.27.8.150/24 scope global eno33554960
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
###配置到达网络192.168.10.0经由172.27.8.2路由并且从这个ip 172.27.8.150收发数据包
# ip route add 192.168.10.0 via 172.27.8.2 src 172.27.8.150
# ip route list |grep 172.27.8.150
172.27.8.0/24 dev eno33554960 proto kernel scope link src 172.27.8.150
192.168.10.0 via 172.27.8.2 dev eno33554960 src 172.27.8.150
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