在多线程的运用中,难免希望某个线程暂停或唤醒某个线程,比如希望操作不同功能的线程交替执行。因此,java提供了wait,notify,和notifyAll方法去实现该效果。
wait():用于冻结执行该语句的线程,使其失去执行权,wait方法返回值是异常,所以要try,线程被冻结后,同步对其失效,也就是说该线程在同步代码中冻结了,其他线程可以进入同步代码。
notify():用于唤醒所有处于被冻结状态的线程中最早被冻结的线程。
notifyAll():用于唤醒所有处于冻结状态的线程。
要注意的是,调用方法是通过“锁”对象去点调用这些方法,而且作用的线程局限于被该“锁“控制的线程,而不是程序中所有线程。
实例解释:
//需求:产品每生产一个消费一个
class ProducerConsumerDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Resource r = new Resource();
Producer pro = new Producer(r);
Consumer con = new Consumer(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t2 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t3 = new Thread(con);
Thread t4 = new Thread(con);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
class Resource
{
private String name;
private int count = 1;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void set(String name)
{
if(flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
this.name = name+"--"+count++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...生产者.."+this.name);
flag = true;
this.notify();
}
public synchronized void out()
{
if(!flag)
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...消费者........."+this.name);
flag = false;
this.notify();
}
}
class Producer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Producer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.set("+商品+");
}
}
}
class Consumer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Consumer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.out();
}
}
}
但是结果却不尽如人意:
如图所示,同一商品被卖了两次,这是为什么呢?
原因是,在执行out方法时,如果有一个线程被冻结了,那么当它被唤醒时,它不会再判断flag,而直接执行后面语句,从而导致该错误,同样,改程序有可能出现生产者生产两个产品去没人买。
要想解决该问题,只能让线程被唤醒后,要重新判断flag,因此把if语句改成while
//需求:产品每生产一个消费一个
class ProducerConsumerDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Resource r = new Resource();
Producer pro = new Producer(r);
Consumer con = new Consumer(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t2 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t3 = new Thread(con);
Thread t4 = new Thread(con);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
class Resource
{
private String name;
private int count = 1;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void set(String name)
{
while(flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
this.name = name+"--"+count++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...生产者.."+this.name);
flag = true;
this.notify();
}
public synchronized void out()
{
while(!flag)
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...消费者........."+this.name);
flag = false;
this.notify();
}
}
class Producer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Producer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.set("+商品+");
}
}
}
class Consumer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Consumer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.out();
}
}
}
结果很遗憾,比上次更惨,中途直接停住了:
这是因为,改为while后,可能会出现线程全都冻结的状况。。。。(t1执行set,再执行一次就冻结了,t2执行set,冻结了,t3执行out,t1解冻,t3再执行,冻结了,t4执行out,冻结了,t1执行set,t2解冻,t1再执行set,冻结了,t2执行set,冻结了,这时全部冻结)
为了排除全部冻结的情况,应该把notify改为notifyAll
//需求:产品每生产一个消费一个
class ProducerConsumerDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Resource r = new Resource();
Producer pro = new Producer(r);
Consumer con = new Consumer(r);
Thread t1 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t2 = new Thread(pro);
Thread t3 = new Thread(con);
Thread t4 = new Thread(con);
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
class Resource
{
private String name;
private int count = 1;
private boolean flag = false;
public synchronized void set(String name)
{
while(flag)
try{this.wait();}catch(Exception e){}
this.name = name+"--"+count++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...生产者.."+this.name);
flag = true;
this.notifyAll();
}
public synchronized void out()
{
while(!flag)
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"...消费者........."+this.name);
flag = false;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
class Producer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Producer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.set("+商品+");
}
}
}
class Consumer implements Runnable
{
private Resource res;
Consumer(Resource res)
{
this.res = res;
}
public void run()
{
while(true)
{
res.out();
}
}
}
结果正确!!文章中实例来自网络