PCB设计之Gerber RS274X格式详解

PCB设计中的Gerber RS274X格式详解

什么是Gerber RS274X?

Gerber RS274X(简称Gerber X)是一种广泛用于PCB(印制电路板)设计和制造的标准文件格式。它是Gerber格式的扩展版本,支持嵌入孔径表(Aperture Table)和高级图形功能,能够更精确地描述PCB的每一层图形信息。Gerber X格式由Ucamco公司维护,是PCB制造行业中最常用的数据交换格式之一。


Gerber RS274X的发展与优势

为什么需要Gerber RS274X?

  • 传统Gerber的局限性:早期的Gerber RS274D格式需要单独的孔径文件(Aperture File),容易导致文件不匹配或错误。
  • Gerber X的改进
    • 嵌入孔径表:将孔径信息直接嵌入Gerber文件,减少文件数量。
    • 支持复杂图形:支持多边形填充、自定义图形和复杂轮廓。
    • 标准化:统一的文件格式,便于制造厂商直接使用。

Gerber RS274X文件结构解析

Gerber RS274X文件是纯文本文件,通常以.gbr.ger为扩展名。文件内容由一系列命令和参数组成,用于描述PCB层的图形信息。

文件内容示例

G04 Gerber RS274X file for Top Layer*
%FSLAX26Y26*%
%MOMM*%
%ADD10C,0.15*%
%ADD11C,0.3*%
%ADD12R,0.5X0.5*%
%LPD*%
D10*
X1000Y1000D03*
X2000Y2000D01*
X3000Y3000D02*
M02*
关键命令说明
G04
注释行,用于描述文件内容或版本信息。

%FSLAX26Y26*%
定义坐标格式,X26Y26表示2位整数和6位小数。

%MOMM*%
设置单位,MM表示毫米,IN表示英寸。

%ADD10C,0.15*%
定义孔径,10为孔径编号,C表示圆形,0.15为直径。

%LPD*%
设置当前层为正面(Top Layer)。

D10*
选择孔径10。

X1000Y1000D03*
绘制图形,X1000Y1000为坐标,D03为绘制命令。

M02*
文件结束标志。
特性 Gerber RS274XGerber RS274D
嵌入文件中需要单独文件
较少(每层一个文件)较多(每层需额外孔径文件)
支持复杂图形(如多边形、填充)仅支持简单图形
广泛支持逐渐被淘汰

如何生成Gerber RS274X文件?

主流EDA工具均支持导出Gerber RS274X格式:

  1. Altium Designer

菜单:File » Fabrication Outputs » Gerber Files

选择层并设置输出选项。

  1. Cadence Allegro

使用File > Export > Gerber功能。

配置层映射和输出参数。

  1. KiCad

通过Plot功能生成Gerber文件。

选择RS274X格式并导出。

Gerber RS274X的局限性

缺乏层间关系
Gerber文件仅描述单层图形,无法直接表示层叠结构或钻孔信息。

文件分散
每层需要一个独立的Gerber文件,可能导致文件数量较多。

不支持网络表
无法直接验证电气连接的正确性。

应用场景

PCB制造:用于光绘机生成PCB图形。

设计验证:通过Gerber查看器检查设计准确性。

文档归档:作为设计输出的标准格式保存。

总结

Gerber RS274X是PCB设计和制造中最常用的文件格式之一,凭借其简单、可靠的特点,成为行业标准。尽管它存在一定的局限性(如缺乏层间关系和网络表),但其广泛的支持和易用性使其在PCB制造中占据重要地位。掌握Gerber RS274X的生成和验证方法是PCB设计师的基本技能。

and debugged. Its widespread availability allows PCB professionals to exchange image drill and route securely and efficiently. The RS-274X format is simple, compact and unequivocal. It is easy to interpret. It describes an image with very high precision. It is complete: one single file describes an image. It is portable and easy to debug by its use of printable 7-bit ASCII characters. A well-constructed RS-274X file precisely defines the PCB image data and the functions of the different image elements. Unfortunately, poorly constructed or simply erroneous RS-274X files also circulate, sometimes leading to unjustified criticism of the format itself. Errors may be due to a misunderstanding of the format. With more than 25 years experience in CAM software we at Ucamco know which areas are most often misunderstood. This revision of the RS-274X specification explains these areas more clearly. Other files are not invalid but poorly constructed. Especially troublesome are painted or stroked pads and copper planes. Poorly constructed files take longer to process, require more manual work and increase the risk of errors. This revision of the RS-274X specification recommends constructions to make RS-274X files safer and more efficient, and hence fabrication more reliable, faster and cheaper. A few words must be said about RS-274-D or Standard Gerber. This format was developed to drive NC machine tools and was used for Gerber vector plotters in the 1960s and 1970s. It is not an image description format. It is amazing that it is still used. It is like using teletype paper tape to transfer text documents. We call on industry experts and professional organizations to discourage the use of the obsolete RS-274-D format. Although other data transfer formats have come into the market, they have not displaced RS-274X. The reason is simple. More than 90% of the problems in data transfer are due not to limitations in the RS-274X format but to poor practices and, worse, the use of RS-274
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