Linux系统下python pip/conda安装opencv(opencv-python)编译出错解决方法

问题描述：提示编译出错(不同的pip/conda/linux版本报的错误不一致)

错误一：

  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 280, in <module>
      main()
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 263, in main
      json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py", line 205, in build_wheel
      metadata_directory)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 217, in build_wheel
      wheel_directory, config_settings)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 202, in _build_with_temp_dir
      self.run_setup()
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 254, in run_setup
      self).run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 145, in run_setup
      exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'), locals())
    File "setup.py", line 535, in <module>
      main()
    File "setup.py", line 309, in main
      cmake_source_dir=cmake_source_dir,
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-tde8voxz/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/skbuild/setuptools_wrap.py", line 683, in setup
      cmake_install_dir,
    File "setup.py", line 448, in _classify_installed_files_override
      raise Exception("Not found: '%s'" % relpath_re)
  Exception: Not found: 'python/cv2/py.typed'
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for opencv-python
Failed to build opencv-python
ERROR: Could not build wheels for opencv-python which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.3; however, version 21.3.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/usr/bin/python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

 错误二：

  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 363, in <module>
      main()
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 345, in main
      json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py", line 262, in build_wheel
      metadata_directory)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 217, in build_wheel
      wheel_directory, config_settings)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 202, in _build_with_temp_dir
      self.run_setup()
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 254, in run_setup
      self).run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)
    File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 145, in run_setup
      exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'), locals())
    File "setup.py", line 535, in <module>
      main()
    File "setup.py", line 309, in main
      cmake_source_dir=cmake_source_dir,
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-efsyy48d/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/skbuild/setuptools_wrap.py", line 683, in setup
      cmake_install_dir,
    File "setup.py", line 448, in _classify_installed_files_override
      raise Exception("Not found: '%s'" % relpath_re)
  Exception: Not found: 'python/cv2/py.typed'
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for opencv-python
Failed to build opencv-python
ERROR: Could not build wheels for opencv-python, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

解决方法一：安装build-essential与cmake后，再然后重新安装opencv-python，安装指令如下（若无需使用opencv-python新版本的特定功能，则不推荐使用，因为新版本需要编译安装，编译时间约20分钟左右）

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake

解决方法二：查看当前未能安装成功的opencv版本，然后指定一个低版本的opencv-python安装（推荐使用，部分低版本安装无需编译，可以瞬间完成安装）

# 如默认安装的opencv-python版本为4.8，切换4.5版本安装
pip install opencv-python==4.5.1.48

# 注：1、一些低版本的opencv-python不用编译，可以直接安装成功
#    2、版本的详细版本号可以尝试安装后，根据可以选择的版本提示安装
pip install opencv-python==4.5
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement opencv-python==4.3 (from versions: 3.2.0.8, 3.3.0.10, 3.3.1.11, 3.4.0.12, 3.4.0.14, 3.4.1.15, 3.4.2.16, 3.4.2.17, 
3.4.3.18, 3.4.4.19, 3.4.5.20, 3.4.6.27, 3.4.7.28, 3.4.8.29, 3.4.9.31, 3.4.9.33, 3.4.10.35, 
3.4.10.37, 3.4.11.39, 3.4.11.41, 3.4.11.43, 3.4.11.45, 3.4.13.47, 3.4.14.51, 3.4.14.53, 
3.4.15.55, 3.4.16.57, 3.4.16.59, 3.4.17.61, 3.4.17.63, 3.4.18.65, 4.0.0.21, 4.0.1.23, 
4.0.1.24, 4.1.0.25, 4.1.1.26, 4.1.2.30, 4.2.0.32, 4.2.0.34, 4.3.0.36, 4.3.0.38, 4.4.0.40, 
4.4.0.42, 4.4.0.44, 4.4.0.46, 4.5.1.48, 4.5.2.52, 4.5.2.54, 4.5.3.56, 4.5.4.58, 4.5.4.60, 
4.5.5.62, 4.5.5.64, 4.6.0.66, 4.7.0.68, 4.7.0.72, 4.8.0.74, 4.8.0.76)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for opencv-python==4.5

补充内容：部分低版本安装虽不用编译，但版本号低于4.8的opencv包在VSCode中没有代码提示，因此能安装新版本尽可能安装新版本