类中静态变量未定义导致undefined reference to static class member问题的解决方法

本文详细解析了C++中类静态成员变量的使用规则,包括其存储特性、作用域范围以及如何避免链接错误等问题。通过具体实例,阐述了在不同场景下正确声明和初始化类静态成员变量的方法。

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undefined reference to ***这个链接错误的花样总是层出不穷( more ),这一次是找不到类中的成员。

例子1:undefined reference to VS. 类静态成员变量

在文件A.h中声明了类A与类B:
class A

{

friend class B;

static int pa;                  // 注:这里把成员变量声明为static

}

class B

{
     public:
         void funB(); //funB()用到 A::pa;
}


问题:
gcc返回链接错误:undefined reference to 'A::pa'。然而,把类B中的pa声明为非static变量,则可以通过编译。

WHY:
先复习一下static data members in class。
[1] a  single  piece of storage for a static data member,  regardless of how many objects  of that class you create.
[2] the static data belongs to the class. Its name is scoped inside the class and all objects share that data member.
[3] NOTE : The linker will report an error  if a static data member is declared but not defined .

所以,问题就出在:在class中,无法对static data member进行复制,即便是在构造函数中对static data member进行赋值,linker还是会报错。
因为static data member不属于任何一个对象,所以即便是在创建对象的时候进行赋值,也只能说明,这个对象对这个data member重新赋值而已。
因此,这里的undefined reference to ***,是找不到类静态成员变量的定义。

解决方法:
The definition must occur outside the class (no inlining is allowed), and only one definition is allowed.
It is common to put it in the implementation file for the class.
其实,也就是在 全局 的地方对静态成员变量赋值。

在上面的例子中,可在文件A.cpp中在其他函数定义之外,包括在构造函数之外,加上pa的定义,此时不需要加static前缀,但要加类名限定,也可以不赋值。

A* B::pa;


/home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’: /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:489:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 489 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:489:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:489:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 489 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:491:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 491 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:491:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:491:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 491 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:493:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 493 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:493:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:493:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 493 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<AngleSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:495:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 495 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<Angle3Command>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:495:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:495:50: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 495 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<Angle3Command>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:497:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 497 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<Angle3Command>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:497:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:497:50: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 497 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<Angle3Command>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:499:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 499 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:499:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:499:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 499 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:501:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 501 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:501:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:501:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 501 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:503:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 503 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:503:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:503:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 503 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:505:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 505 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:505:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:505:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 505 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:507:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 507 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:507:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:507:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 507 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<ReadCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:509:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 509 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:509:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:509:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 509 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:511:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 511 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:511:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:511:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 511 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:513:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 513 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:513:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:513:57: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 513 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<SpeedSequenceCommand>( | ^ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:515:25: error: ‘make_unique’ is not a member of ‘std’ 515 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<InitCommand>(200.0)); | ^~~~~~~~~~~ /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:515:25: note: ‘std::make_unique’ is only available from C++14 onwards /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/src/rs485_node/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp:515:48: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token 515 | cmds.push_back(std::make_unique<InitCommand>(200.0)); | ^ make[2]: *** [rs485_node/CMakeFiles/angle_publisher_node.dir/build.make:63: rs485_node/CMakeFiles/angle_publisher_node.dir/src/angle_publisher_node.cpp.o] Error 1 make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:885: rs485_node/CMakeFiles/angle_publisher_node.dir/all] Error 2 make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs.... [ 95%] Linking CXX executable /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/devel/lib/rs485_node/rs485_node /usr/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/9/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/libpthread.a(pthread_create.o): in function `allocate_stack': /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/allocatestack.c:525: undefined reference to `_dl_stack_flags' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/allocatestack.c:525: undefined reference to `_dl_stack_flags' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/allocatestack.c:647: undefined reference to `_dl_stack_flags' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/allocatestack.c:647: undefined reference to `_dl_stack_flags' /usr/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/9/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/libpthread.a(nptl-init.o): in function `__pthread_initialize_minimal_internal': /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:335: undefined reference to `_dl_pagesize' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:335: undefined reference to `_dl_pagesize' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:344: undefined reference to `_dl_pagesize' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:360: undefined reference to `_dl_init_static_tls' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:362: undefined reference to `_dl_wait_lookup_done' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:360: undefined reference to `_dl_init_static_tls' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:362: undefined reference to `_dl_wait_lookup_done' /usr/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/9/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/libpthread.a(nptl-init.o): in function `__pthread_get_minstack': /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:393: undefined reference to `_dl_pagesize' /usr/bin/ld: /build/glibc-fci4Zo/glibc-2.31/nptl/nptl-init.c:393: undefined reference to `_dl_pagesize' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status make[2]: *** [rs485_node/CMakeFiles/rs485_node.dir/build.make:115: /home/aurora/rs485_static_ws/devel/lib/rs485_node/rs485_node] Error 1 make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:457: rs485_node/CMakeFiles/rs485_node.dir/all] Error 2 make: *** [Makefile:141: all] Error 2 Invoking "make -j8 -l8" failed
08-04
<think>好的,我现在遇到了一个C++的问题,就是在的成员变量前加了static之后,编译时出现了“undefined reference to xx”的错误。我需要仔细分析一下可能的原因,然后一步步解决这个问题。 首先,回忆一下C++中静态成员变量的相关知识。静态成员变量是属于的,而不是的某个实例。这意味着所有该的对象共享同一个静态成员变量。声明静态成员变量的时候,在内部用static关键字进行声明,但必须在外部进行定义和初始化,这样才能分配内存。这一点我记得可能和问题有关。 比如,假设我在里这样声明: ```cpp class MyClass { public: static int myStaticVar; // 声明 }; ``` 但如果没有在外部定义它,编译器就不会为这个静态变量分配存储空间。这时候如果在代码中使用了这个变量,链接器就会找不到它的定义,导致undefined reference”的错误。所以解决方法应该是在外添加定义,比如: ```cpp int MyClass::myStaticVar = 0; // 定义并初始化 ``` 接下来,我需要检查用户是否在外正确地定义了这个静态成员变量。如果没有,这就是问题的根源。另外,还要注意定义的时候是否使用了正确的名和作用域解析运算符(::)。 另外,还有一种可能是静态成员变量是const整数型(比如const int),并且需要在内初始化。这种情况下,C++允许在内直接初始化,例如: ```cpp class MyClass { public: static const int myConstStaticVar = 10; // 正确,但仅限于整数型 }; ``` 但如果这个静态成员不是整数型,或者虽然是const整数型但在内没有初始化,还是需要在外进行定义,即使它是const的。例如: ```cpp class MyClass { public: static const double myStaticDouble; // 声明,不能在内初始化 }; // 必须在外定义 const double MyClass::myStaticDouble = 3.14; ``` 如果用户没有这样做,同样会导致链接错误。 此外,如果是模板中的静态成员变量,每个模板实例化都需要对应的定义。这时候,用户可能需要在头文件中进行定义,或者在每个使用到的模板实例的源文件中定义。例如: ```cpp template<typename T> class MyTemplate { public: static T staticVar; // 声明 }; // 在头文件中定义 template<typename T> T MyTemplate<T>::staticVar = T(); ``` 如果没有这样的定义,当模板被实例化时,链接器同样无法找到对应的变量,导致错误。 总结一下,可能的原因和解决方案: 1. **未在外定义静态成员变量**:需要在外部添加定义,如`int MyClass::myStaticVar = 0;`。 2. **const静态成员未正确初始化**:对于非整型的const静态成员,仍需在外定义。 3. **模板静态成员未正确处理**:需要在头文件中为模板的静态成员提供定义。 接下来,我需要验证这些可能性是否正确。例如,如果用户确实在外定义了静态变量,那么是否还有其他原因?比如,是否在多个源文件中重复定义了?或者定义的位置不正确? 另外,还需要检查编译器的错误信息,确认错误是否出现在链接阶段。因为如果只是声明而没有定义,编译阶段可能不会报错,但链接时会找不到符号。 假设用户提供的错误是“undefined reference to MyClass::myStaticVar”,那么问题几乎可以确定是没有在外定义该变量。这时,指导用户添加对应的定义即可解决问题。 可能还需要提醒用户,静态成员变量的初始化不能在构造函数中进行,因为它是属于的,而不是某个实例的。必须在外单独定义。 最后,如果用户遵循了这些步骤,应该能解决这个错误。如果问题仍然存在,可能需要检查代码的其他部分,比如是否有拼写错误,或者作用域是否正确。</think>在C++中,当成员变量被声明为`static`后出现`undefined reference to xx`错误,根本原因是**静态成员变量未在外定义**。以下是详细分析和解决方案: --- ### 一、错误原因分析 #### 1. 静态成员变量的特性 - **属于而非对象**:所有对象共享同一份静态成员变量。 - **声明与定义分离**: - **内声明**:用`static`关键字声明(仅声明不分配内存) ```cpp class MyClass { public: static int myVar; // ❌ 仅声明,未分配内存 }; ``` - **外定义**:必须在外单独定义(分配内存) ```cpp int MyClass::myVar = 0; // ✅ 定义并初始化 ``` #### 2. 常见错误场景 - **忘记外定义**:导致链接器找不到符号。 - **const静态成员处理不当**: - **整型常量**(如`static const int`)可在内直接初始化: ```cpp class MyClass { public: static const int MAX = 100; // ✅ 合法 }; ``` - **非整型常量**(如`static const double`)仍需外定义: ```cpp class MyClass { public: static const double PI; // ❌ 需外定义 }; const double MyClass::PI = 3.1415; // ✅ 必须补充 ``` - **模板静态成员未特殊处理**: ```cpp template<typename T> class MyTemplate { public: static T value; // ❌ 需在头文件中定义 }; // 在头文件中补充定义 template<typename T> T MyTemplate<T>::value = T(); // ✅ ``` --- ### 二、解决方案 #### 步骤1:在外明确定义静态成员变量 ```cpp // MyClass.h(声明) class MyClass { public: static int myVar; // 内声明 }; // MyClass.cpp(定义) int MyClass::myVar = 0; // ✅ 必须添加 ``` #### 步骤2:处理const静态成员 - **非整型常量**必须外定义: ```cpp // MyClass.h class MyClass { public: static const double PI; // 声明 }; // MyClass.cpp const double MyClass::PI = 3.1415; // ✅ 定义 ``` #### 步骤3:模板静态成员需在头文件中定义 ```cpp // MyTemplate.h template<typename T> class MyTemplate { public: static T value; }; // 直接在头文件中定义(避免链接问题) template<typename T> T MyTemplate<T>::value = T(); // ✅ ``` --- ### 三、验证示例 #### 错误代码示例 ```cpp // MyClass.h class MyClass { public: static int missingDefinition; // ❌ 未定义 }; // main.cpp int main() { MyClass::missingDefinition = 5; // 触发链接错误 return 0; } ``` #### 修复后的代码 ```cpp // MyClass.h class MyClass { public: static int missingDefinition; // 声明 }; // MyClass.cpp int MyClass::missingDefinition = 0; // ✅ 定义 // main.cpp int main() { MyClass::missingDefinition = 5; // 正确 return 0; } ``` --- ### 四、总结 | 关键点 | 正确做法 | |-----------------------|---------------------------------------------| | 普通静态成员变量 | 内声明 + 外定义 | | `static const int` | 内直接初始化(无需外定义) | | `static const double` | 内声明 + 外定义 | | 模板静态成员 | 在头文件中声明并定义 | 通过确保静态成员变量在外正确定义,即可解决`undefined reference`错误。
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