alter table move跟shrink space的区别

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转载 最新推荐文章于 2026-06-04 06:48:24 发布 758 阅读 AI 写同款· GEO 优化 ›
Oracle中使用alter table move命令的方法降低表中的高水位（High Water Mark） 在Oracle数据库中，“高水位”（High Water Mark）是指表中数据的存储位置已经达到的最高位置。在表中插入、更新或删除数据时，数据库会自动管理数据的存储位置，但是删除操作并不会立即释放空间，而是标记为可重用。高水位标记了表中已经被使用的存储位置的最高点，而这些位置之上的空间可以被重新利用，以存储新的数据。当表中有大量的删除操作时，高水位可能会远远超过实际数据的位置，导致表的存储空间浪费。为了减少这种浪费，可以使用命令来重新组织表，将高水位重新设置到实际数据的位置之上。 阅读详情

author：skate

time2010-05-28


alter table move跟shrink space的区别

今天主要从两点说他们的区别：

 

1. 碎片的整理

2.空间的收缩

 

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER
----------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - 64bi
PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE 10.2.0.1.0 Production

TNS for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL>

 

创建测试表
SQL> create table test3 as
  2     select rownum id,
  3     dbms_random.string('a', round(dbms_random.value(0,10))) col1,
  4     trunc(sysdate) - dbms_random.value(1, 365*2) col2
  5     from dual connect by rownum<=10000;

Table created

 

SQL> select count(1) from test3;

  COUNT(1)
----------
     10000


查看表test3的blocks使用情况：

 

SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................40
Total Bytes.............................327680
Unused Blocks...........................3
Unused Bytes............................24576
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481921
Last Used Block.........................5
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............0
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............0
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................32
Total bytes.............................262144

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed


制造碎片

 

SQL> DELETE FROM TEST3 WHERE MOD(ID,3)=1;

3334 rows deleted

 

SQL> commit;

Commit complete

 

发现有碎片了

 

SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................40
Total Bytes.............................327680
Unused Blocks...........................3
Unused Bytes............................24576
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481921
Last Used Block.........................5
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............31
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............253952
50% -- 75% free space blocks............1
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............8192
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................0
Total bytes.............................0

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

SQL>

 

消除碎片


SQL> alter table test3 move;

Table altered

 

查看碎片消除的效果


SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................32
Total Bytes.............................262144
Unused Blocks...........................6
Unused Bytes............................49152
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................485065
Last Used Block.........................2
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............0
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............0
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................22
Total bytes.............................180224

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

SQL>

 

从以上看，碎片整理的效果很好！！！

 

下面在测试用shrink整理碎片

 

重建测试环境


SQL> drop table test3;

Table dropped

 

SQL>
SQL> create table test3 as
  2     select rownum id,
  3     dbms_random.string('a', round(dbms_random.value(0,10))) col1,
  4     trunc(sysdate) - dbms_random.value(1, 365*2) col2
  5     from dual connect by rownum<=10000;

Table created

 

查看test3的blocks的使用


SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................40
Total Bytes.............................327680
Unused Blocks...........................3
Unused Bytes............................24576
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481921
Last Used Block.........................5
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............0
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............0
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................32
Total bytes.............................262144

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

制造碎片


SQL> delete from test3 where mod(id,3)=1;

3334 rows deleted

 

SQL> commit;

Commit complete

 

查看碎片情况
SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................40
Total Bytes.............................327680
Unused Blocks...........................3
Unused Bytes............................24576
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481921
Last Used Block.........................5
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............31
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............253952
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................1
Total bytes.............................8192

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

用oracle10g新功能整理碎片


SQL> alter table test3 shrink space compact cascade;

alter table test3 shrink space compact cascade

ORA-10636: ROW MOVEMENT is not enabled

 

SQL> alter table test3 enable row movement;

Table altered

 

SQL> alter table test3 shrink space compact cascade;

Table altered

 

再次查看碎片的情况，发现还有一些碎片，整理碎片效果不好


SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................40
Total Bytes.............................327680
Unused Blocks...........................3
Unused Bytes............................24576
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481921
Last Used Block.........................5
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............1
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............8192
25% -- 50% free space blocks............2
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............16384
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........12
75% -- 100% free space bytes............98304
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................17
Total bytes.............................139264

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

上面是没降低HWM，如果载降低HWM，看看效果


SQL> alter table test3 shrink space cascade;

Table altered

SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................24
Total Bytes.............................196608
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................481897
Last Used Block.........................8
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............1
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............8192
25% -- 50% free space blocks............2
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............16384
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................17
Total bytes.............................139264

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

看来用shrink space整理碎片不彻底，再来看看move的方式

 

SQL> alter table test3 move;

Table altered

SQL> exec show_space_t('TEST3','auto','table','Y');

Total Blocks............................32
Total Bytes.............................262144
Unused Blocks...........................6
Unused Bytes............................49152
Last Used Ext FileId....................31
Last Used Ext BlockId...................485081
Last Used Block.........................2
 *************************************************
0% -- 25% free space blocks.............0
0% -- 25% free space bytes..............0
25% -- 50% free space blocks............0
25% -- 50% free space bytes.............0
50% -- 75% free space blocks............0
50% -- 75% free space bytes.............0
75% -- 100% free space blocks...........0
75% -- 100% free space bytes............0
Unused Blocks...........................0
Unused Bytes............................0
Total Blocks............................22
Total bytes.............................180224

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

效果很明显，整理的很彻底

 

测试结论：

虽然alter table move和shrink space，都是通过物理调整rowid来整理碎片的，但shrink space整理的不彻底，他好像不是重组，而是尽可能的合并，随意会残留一些block无法整理

 

注意：

 

1.再用alter table table_name move时，表相关的索引会失效，所以之后还要执行 alter index index_name rebuild online; 最后重新编译数据库所有失效的对象

 

2. 在用alter table table_name shrink space cascade时，他相当于alter table table_name move和alter index index_name rebuild online. 所以只要编译数据库失效的对象就可以

 

 

alter table move和shrink space除了碎片整理的效果有时不一样外，还有什么其他的不同呢

 


1. Move会移动高水位，但不会释放申请的空间，是在高水位以下(below HWM)的操作。
2. shrink space 同样会移动高水位，但也会释放申请的空间，是在高水位上下(below and above HWM)都有的操作。

 

下面通过实验来验证


SQL> drop table test3;

Table dropped

 

SQL>
SQL> create table test3 as
  2     select rownum id,
  3     dbms_random.string('a', round(dbms_random.value(0,10))) col1,
  4     trunc(sysdate) - dbms_random.value(1, 365*2) col2
  5     from dual connect by rownum<=10000;

Table created

 

SQL> analyze table test3 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

                                                                         

SQL> col segment_name for a10;
SQL> select us.segment_name,us.extents,us.blocks from user_segments us where us.segment_name=upper('test3');

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ----------
TEST3               5         40

 

SQL> col table_name for a10;
SQL> select table_name,blocks,t.empty_blocks  from user_tables t where t.table_name=upper('test3');

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST3              37            3

SQL>


从以上查询可以看出共分了5个extents，使用了37个blocks，这37也就是test3的HWM

 

 

SQL> delete from test3 where rownum<=5000;

5000 rows deleted

 

SQL> commit;

Commit complete

 

SQL> analyze table test3 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

 

SQL> col segment_name for a10;
SQL> select us.segment_name,us.extents,us.blocks from user_segments us where us.segment_name=upper('test3');

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ----------
TEST3               5         40

 

SQL> col table_name for a10;
SQL>  select table_name,blocks,t.empty_blocks  from user_tables t where t.table_name=upper('test3');

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST3              37            3

 

SQL> select count(distinct dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid)) used_blocks from test3;

USED_BLOCKS
-----------
         17


我们从查询中可以发现test3的HWM没有变换还是37blocks，tests总共空间为40blocks。经过删除后test3实际用的块是17个

 


下面我们用move降低下HWM

 

SQL> alter table test3 move;

Table altered

 

SQL> col segment_name for a10;
SQL> select us.segment_name,us.extents,us.blocks from user_segments us where us.segment_name=upper('test3');

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ----------
TEST3               3         24

 

SQL> col table_name for a10;
SQL> select table_name,blocks,t.empty_blocks  from user_tables t where t.table_name=upper('test3');

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST3              37            3

 

user_tables里的数据没有变化，哦，原来是忘记analyze了，从这里也可以看出user_segments是oracle自动维护的。

 

 

SQL> analyze table test3 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

 

SQL>  select us.segment_name,us.extents,us.blocks from user_segments us where us.segment_name=upper('test3');

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ----------
TEST3               3         24

 

SQL> select table_name,blocks,t.empty_blocks  from user_tables t where t.table_name=upper('test3');

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST3              20            4

SQL>


现在再来看hwm变为20了，已经降下来了啊，空间也收缩了，从40blocks降到24blocks（注意收缩到initial指定值）。
但shrink space就收缩到存储数据的最小值，下面测试说明

 

创建测试表：


SQL>   create table test5 (id number) storage (initial 1m next 1m);

Table created

 

初始化数据


SQL>
SQL>   begin
  2     for i in 1..100000 loop
  3     insert into test5 values(i);
  4    end loop;
  5    end;
  6  /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

 

SQL> analyze table test5 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

 

SQL> select SEGMENT_NAME,EXTENTS,BLOCKS,INITIAL_EXTENT/1024/1024 init from user_segments where SEGMENT_NAME='TEST5';

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS       INIT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
TEST5              17        256          1

 

SQL> select TABLE_NAME,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS from user_tables where table_name='TEST5';

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST5             180           76

 

 

可以从查询数据看出，test5初始化1m即128个blocks，但数据比较多，所以又按next参数要求扩展了1m空间，扩展了17个extents。
这里的test5总空间大小为256个blocks，使用空间为180blocks，HWM也是180blocks


SQL> delete from test5 where rownum<=50000;

50000 rows deleted

 

SQL> analyze table test5 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

 

SQL> select SEGMENT_NAME,EXTENTS,BLOCKS,INITIAL_EXTENT/1024/1024 init from user_segments where SEGMENT_NAME='TEST5';

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS       INIT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
TEST5              17        256          1

 

SQL> select TABLE_NAME,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS from user_tables where table_name='TEST5';

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST5             180           76

 

整理碎片，降低HWM


SQL>  alter table test5 move;

Table altered


SQL> analyze table test5 compute statistics;

Table analyzed

 

SQL> select SEGMENT_NAME,EXTENTS,BLOCKS,INITIAL_EXTENT/1024/1024 init from user_segments where SEGMENT_NAME='TEST5';

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS       INIT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
TEST5              16        128          1

 

SQL> select TABLE_NAME,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS from user_tables where table_name='TEST5';

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST5              85           43

 

从上面的查询数据可以看出HWM已经从180降低到85，test5总大小从256blocks收缩到128个blocks（initial指定大小）。


下面看看用shrink space收缩空间的情况

 

SQL> alter table test5 enable row movement;

Table altered


SQL> alter table test5 shrink space;

Table altered

 

SQL> select SEGMENT_NAME,EXTENTS,BLOCKS,INITIAL_EXTENT/1024/1024 init from user_segments where SEGMENT_NAME='TEST5';

SEGMENT_NA    EXTENTS     BLOCKS       INIT
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
TEST5              11         88          1

 

SQL> select TABLE_NAME,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS from user_tables where table_name='TEST5';

TABLE_NAME     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ------------
TEST5              85           43

SQL>


从上面的数据可以看到test5进一步从128个blocks降低到88个blocks

 

结论：


shrink space收缩到数据存储的最小值，alter table move（不带参数）收缩到initial指定值，也可以用alter table test5 move storage(initial 500k)指定收缩的大小，这样可以达到shrink space效果

 

 

 

经过以上测试，得出的两个结论，到底用哪一个命令来整理碎片，消除行迁移呢？这就要根据实际业务需要，如果你只是收缩空间，数据增长很慢，那用shrink可以但是如果数据增长很快的话，用move就比较合适，避免再重新分配空间啊

 

 

 

备注：
在10g之后，整理碎片消除行迁移的新增功能shrink space

 

alter table <table_name> shrink space [ <null> | compact | cascade ];

 

compact:这个参数当系统的负载比较大时可以用，不降低HWM。如果系统负载较低时，直接用alter table table_name shrink space就一步到位了


cascade：这个参数是在shrink table的时候自动级联索引，相当于rebulid index。

 

普通表：

shrink必须开启行迁移功能。
alter table table_name enable row movement ;

 

保持HWM，相当于把块中数据打结实了
alter table table_name shrink space compact;

 

回缩表与降低HWM
alter table table_name shrink space;

 

回缩表与相关索引，降低HWM
alter table table_name shrink space cascade;

 

回缩索引与降低HWM
alter index index_name shrink space

 

虽然在10g中可以用shrink ，但也有些限制：

 

1). 对cluster，cluster table，或具有Long，lob类型列的对象 不起作用。
2). 不支持具有function-based indexes 或 bitmap join indexes的表
3). 不支持mapping 表或index-organized表。
4). 不支持compressed 表

 

 

 

 

------end------


转载地址：http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/wyzxg/article/details/5631721

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Oracle收缩表，释放占用的存储空间（shrink space） 收缩表（shrink space cascade），整理碎片，降低高水位。 阅读详情

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http://www.08.la/news2010/newshtml/JiShuWenZhang/ORACLE/18696.html

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% Dropout fraction opts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex4 neural net with sigmoid activation functionrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 100 10]);nn.activation_function = 'sigm'; % Sigmoid activation functionnn.learningRate = 1; % Sigm require a lower learning rateopts.numepochs = 1; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 100; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex5 plotting functionalityrand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]);opts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through datann.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, train_x, train_y, opts);[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');%% ex6 neural net with sigmoid activation and plotting of validation and training error% split training data into training and validation datavx = train_x(1:10000,:);tx = train_x(10001:end,:);vy = train_y(1:10000,:);ty = train_y(10001:end,:);rand('state',0)nn = nnsetup([784 20 10]); 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