英语语法篇 - 语态

语态（主动语态、被动语态(be动词+动词过去分词)）

如果想要强调谁，谁就会充当主语；

如果强调动作的执行者，句子会用主动语态；

如果强调动作的承受着，句子就倾向用被动语态；

被动语态的构成也是通过谓语动词的变化完成的；

1. 主+谓

没有被动语态：

The rabbit slept(不及物动词，不存在动作的承受者这个概念).

2. 主+谓+宾

主动语态：The rabbit ate the carrot.

The rabbit 是动作ate的执行者；

the carrot是动作ate的承受者；

被动语态：be+动词过去分词

The carrot was eaten the rabbit.

如果需要标明动作的执行者是谁，借助by+动作执行者

The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.

很多情况下，无需表明“被谁…”这一概念：

The carrot was eaten. 过去分词表被动的意义和被动语态脱不了关系。

3. 主+谓+宾+宾

The rabbit gave the carrot(直接宾语) to the wolf(间接宾语).

如果强调间接宾语the wolf：

The wolf was given the carrot （by the rabbit）.狼被兔子给了胡萝卜。

如果强调直接宾语the carrot：

The carrot was given to the wolf （by the rabbit）.胡萝卜被兔子给了狼。

如果这个句子主动形式写成：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语，那to就消失了：

The rabbit gave the wolf the carrot.

但在强调直接宾语the carrot变被动句时：

可不能是：the carrot was given the wolf (by the rabbit).

the carrot was given to the wolf (by the rabbit).

4. 主+谓+宾+宾补

主动语态：The wolf invited the rabbit to her party.

狼邀请了兔子去她的聚会。

被动语态：The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf.

The rabbit made the wolf laugh.兔子把狼逗笑了。

make等后接的是省略了to的动词不定式，这种不带to的动词不定式也被称作

The rabbit made the wolf to laugh.

一旦省略了to的动词不定式作宾补，改成被动语态时要把to还原：

the wolf was made to laugh (by the rabbit).

5. 主+系+表

不能变成被动语态。

6. 被动态和时态、语气、情态动词相结合

主动句：the rabbit has eaten the carrot.

被动句：the carrot has been eaten by the rabbit.
现在完成时：助动词(have/has) +动词的过去分词（done）
被动语态：be动词+动词过去分词
现在完成时的被动语态：助动词(have/has) +be动词的过去分词+动词的过去分词（done）

提问：has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit?

否定句：the carrot has not been eaten by the rabbit.

the rabbit would have eaten the carrot.

the carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit.

**would **the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit?

the carrot would have **not **been eaten by the rabbit.

the rabbit might eat the carrot.

the carrot might be eaten by the rabbit.

**might **the carrot be eaten by the rabbit?

the carrot might not be eaten by the rabbit.

• 现在完成时的被动语态：助动词(have/has) +be动词的过去分词+动词的过去分词（done）
• 现在进行时的被动语态：be + being + 动词的过去分词（done）